| 章 14. 更多範例 | ||
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| 章 14. 更多範例 | ||
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內容目錄
There is an old Latin saying: “fabricando fit faber” (“practice makes perfect”).
強烈建議使用簡單的包來練習和試驗 Debian 打包的所有步驟。本章為您的練習提供了許多上游案例。
This should also serve as introductory examples for many programming topics.
請注意，Debian 對以下事項非常注意：
通過以下方式以實現通用作業系統：
在 “章 5, Simple packaging” 中介紹的典型打包範例是本章節的先決條件。
在以下數小節中，有些細節被刻意模糊。請嘗試閱讀相關檔案，並且嘗試自行釐清它們。
![[提示]](images/tip.png) | 提示 |
|---|---|
|
The best source of a packaging example is the current Debian archive itself. Please use the “Debian Code Search” service to find pertinent examples. |
Here is an example of creating a simple Debian package from a zero-content source in an empty directory.
This is a good way to obtain all the template files without cluttering the upstream source tree you are working on.
讓我們假設這個空目錄為 debhello-0.1。
$ mkdir debhello-0.1 $ tree . └── debhello-0.1 2 directories, 0 files
Let’s generate the maximum amount of template files.
Let’s also use the “-p debhello -t -u 0.1 -r 1” options to create the missing upstream tarball with default -x3 and T options.
$ cd /path/to/debhello-0.1 $ debmake -p debhello -t -u 0.1 -r 1 I: set parameters ...
我們來檢查一下自動產生的模板檔案。
$ cd /path/to $ tree . ├── debhello-0.1 │ └── debian │ ├── README.Debian │ ├── README.source │ ├── changelog │ ├── clean │ ├── control │ ├── copyright │ ├── debhello.bug-control.ex │ ├── debhello.bug-presubj.ex │ ├── debhello.bug-script.ex │ ├── debhello.conffiles.ex │ ├── debhello.cron.d.ex │ ├── debhello.cron.daily.ex │ ├── debhello.cron.hourly.ex │ ├── debhello.cron.monthly.ex │ ├── debhello.cron.weekly.ex │ ├── debhello.default.ex │ ├── debhello.emacsen-install.ex │ ├── debhello.emacsen-remove.ex │ ├── debhello.emacsen-startup.ex │ ├── debhello.lintian-overrides.ex │ ├── debhello.service.ex │ ├── debhello.tmpfile.ex │ ├── dirs │ ├── gbp.conf │ ├── install │ ├── links │ ├── maintscript.ex │ ├── manpage.1.ex │ ├── manpage.asciidoc.ex │ ├── manpage.md.ex │ ├── manpage.sgml.ex │ ├── manpage.xml.ex │ ├── patches │ │ └── series │ ├── postinst.ex │ ├── postrm.ex │ ├── preinst.ex │ ├── prerm.ex │ ├── rules │ ├── salsa-ci.yml │ ├── source │ │ ├── format │ │ ├── lintian-overrides.ex │ │ ├── local-options.ex │ │ ├── local-patch-header.ex │ │ ├── options.ex │ │ └── patch-header.ex │ ├── tests │ │ └── control │ ├── upstream │ │ └── metadata │ └── watch ├── debhello-0.1.tar.xz └── debhello_0.1.orig.tar.xz -> debhello-0.1.tar.xz 7 directories, 50 files
現在，您可以複製 debhello-0.1/debian/ 目錄下所有生成的模板檔案到您的套件中。
此處是一個從 POSIX shell 命令列介面程式建立簡單的 Debian 套件的範例，我們假設它沒有使用任何構建系統。
讓我們假設上游的原始碼套件為 debhello-0.2.tar.gz。
此類原始碼不具有自動化方法，所以必須手動安裝檔案。
For example:
$ tar -xzmf debhello-0.2.tar.gz $ cd debhello-0.2 $ sudo cp scripts/hello /bin/hello ...
Let’s get this source as tar file from a remote site and make it the Debian package.
下載 debhello-0.2.tar.gz.
$ wget http://www.example.org/download/debhello-0.2.tar.gz ... $ tar -xzmf debhello-0.2.tar.gz $ tree . ├── debhello-0.2 │ ├── README.md │ ├── data │ │ ├── hello.desktop │ │ └── hello.png │ ├── man │ │ └── hello.1 │ └── scripts │ └── hello └── debhello-0.2.tar.gz 5 directories, 6 files
這裡的 POSIX shell 指令碼 hello 非常的簡單。
hello（v=0.2）.
$ cat debhello-0.2/scripts/hello #!/bin/sh -e echo "Hello from the shell!" echo "" echo -n "Type Enter to exit this program: " read X
此處的 hello.desktop 支援 “桌面項（Desktop Entry）規範”。
hello.desktop（v=0.2）.
$ cat debhello-0.2/data/hello.desktop [Desktop Entry] Name=Hello Name[fr]=Bonjour Comment=Greetings Comment[fr]=Salutations Type=Application Keywords=hello Exec=hello Terminal=true Icon=hello.png Categories=Utility;
此處的 hello.png 是圖示的影象檔案。
讓我們使用 debmake 命令來打包。這裡使用 -b':sh' 選項來指明生成的二進位制包是一個 shell 指令碼。
$ cd /path/to/debhello-0.2 $ debmake -b':sh' -x1 I: set parameters ... I: sanity check of parameters I: pkg="debhello", ver="0.2", rev="1" I: *** start packaging in "debhello-0.2". *** I: provide debhello_0.2.orig.tar.?z for non-native Debian package I: pwd = "/path/to" I: $ ln -sf debhello-0.2.tar.gz debhello_0.2.orig.tar.gz I: pwd = "/path/to/debhello-0.2" I: parse binary package settings: :sh I: binary package=debhello Type=script / Arch=all M-A=foreign I: analyze the source tree I: build_type = Unknown I: scan source for copyright+license text and file extensions I: 25 %, ext = md ...
讓我們來檢查一下自動產生的模板檔案。
執行基本的 debmake 命令後的原始碼樹。（v=0.2）.
$ cd /path/to $ tree . ├── debhello-0.2 │ ├── README.md │ ├── data │ │ ├── hello.desktop │ │ └── hello.png │ ├── debian │ │ ├── README.Debian │ │ ├── README.source │ │ ├── changelog │ │ ├── clean │ │ ├── control │ │ ├── copyright │ │ ├── dirs │ │ ├── gbp.conf │ │ ├── install │ │ ├── links │ │ ├── patches │ │ │ └── series │ │ ├── rules │ │ ├── salsa-ci.yml │ │ ├── source │ │ │ ├── format │ │ │ ├── local-options.ex │ │ │ └── local-patch-header.ex │ │ ├── tests │ │ │ └── control │ │ ├── upstream │ │ │ └── metadata │ │ └── watch │ ├── man │ │ └── hello.1 │ └── scripts │ └── hello ├── debhello-0.2.tar.gz └── debhello_0.2.orig.tar.gz -> debhello-0.2.tar.gz 10 directories, 26 files
debian/rules（模板檔案，v=0.2）：.
$ cd /path/to/debhello-0.2
$ cat debian/rules
#!/usr/bin/make -f
# You must remove unused comment lines for the released package.
#export DH_VERBOSE = 1
%:
dh $@
這基本上是帶有 dh 命令的標準 debian/rules 檔案。因為這是個指令碼套件，所以這個 debian/rules 模板檔案沒有與構建標記（build flag）相關的內容。
debian/control（模板檔案，v=0.2）：.
$ cat debian/control
Source: debhello
Section: unknown
Priority: optional
Maintainer: "Osamu Aoki" <osamu@debian.org>
Build-Depends:
debhelper-compat (= 13),
Standards-Version: 4.7.0
Homepage: <insert the upstream URL, if relevant>
Rules-Requires-Root: no
#Vcs-Git: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debhello.git
#Vcs-Browser: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debhello
Package: debhello
Architecture: all
Multi-Arch: foreign
Depends:
${misc:Depends},
Description: auto-generated package by debmake
This Debian binary package was auto-generated by the
debmake(1) command provided by the debmake package.
Since this is the shell script package, the debmake command sets “Architecture: all” and “Multi-Arch: foreign”. Also, it sets required substvar parameters as “Depends: ${misc:Depends}”. These are explained in “章 6, Basics for packaging”.
因為這個上游原始碼缺少上游的 Makefile，所以這個功能需要由維護者提供。這個上游原始碼僅包含指令碼檔案和資料檔案，沒有 C 的源碼檔案，因此 構建（build） 的過程可以被跳過，但是需要實現 安裝（install） 的過程。對於這種情況，通過新增 debian/install 和 debian/manpages 檔案可以很好地實現這一功能，且不會使 debian/rules 檔案變得複雜。
作為維護者，我們要把這個 Debian 套件做得更好。
debian/rules（維護者版本，v=0.2）：.
$ cd /path/to/debhello-0.2
$ vim debian/rules
... hack, hack, hack, ...
$ cat debian/rules
#!/usr/bin/make -f
export DH_VERBOSE = 1
%:
dh $@
debian/control（維護者版本，v=0.2）：.
$ vim debian/control
... hack, hack, hack, ...
$ cat debian/control
Source: debhello
Section: devel
Priority: optional
Maintainer: Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org>
Build-Depends:
debhelper-compat (= 13),
Standards-Version: 4.6.2
Homepage: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake-doc
Rules-Requires-Root: no
Package: debhello
Architecture: all
Multi-Arch: foreign
Depends:
${misc:Depends},
Description: Simple packaging example for debmake
This Debian binary package is an example package.
(This is an example only)
![[警告]](images/warning.png) | 警告 |
|---|---|
|
If you leave “Section: unknown” in the template debian/control file unchanged, the lintian error may cause a build failure. |
debian/install（維護者版本，v=0.2）：.
$ vim debian/install ... hack, hack, hack, ... $ cat debian/install data/hello.desktop usr/share/applications data/hello.png usr/share/pixmaps scripts/hello usr/bin
debian/manpages（維護者版本，v=0.2）：.
$ vim debian/manpages ... hack, hack, hack, ... $ cat debian/manpages man/hello.1
在 debian/ 目錄下還有一些其它的模板文件。它們也需要進行更新。
debian/ 目錄下的模板檔案。（v=0.2）：.
$ rm -f debian/clean debian/dirs debian/links $ rm -f debian/README.source debian/source/*.ex $ rm -rf debian/patches $ tree -F debian debian/ ├── README.Debian ├── changelog ├── control ├── copyright ├── gbp.conf ├── install ├── manpages ├── rules* ├── salsa-ci.yml ├── source/ │ └── format ├── tests/ │ └── control ├── upstream/ │ └── metadata └── watch 4 directories, 13 files
您可以在此原始碼樹中使用 debuild 命令（或其等效命令）建立非原生的 Debian 套件。如下所示，該命令的輸出非常詳細，並且解釋了它所做的事。
$ cd /path/to/debhello-0.2
$ debuild
dpkg-buildpackage -us -uc -ui -i
dpkg-buildpackage: info: source package debhello
dpkg-buildpackage: info: source version 0.2-1
dpkg-buildpackage: info: source distribution unstable
dpkg-buildpackage: info: source changed by Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org>
dpkg-source -i --before-build .
dpkg-buildpackage: info: host architecture amd64
debian/rules clean
dh clean
dh_clean
rm -f debian/debhelper-build-stamp
...
debian/rules binary
dh binary
dh_update_autotools_config
dh_autoreconf
create-stamp debian/debhelper-build-stamp
dh_prep
rm -f -- debian/debhello.substvars
rm -fr -- debian/.debhelper/generated/debhello/ debian/debhello/ debi...
dh_auto_install --destdir=debian/debhello/
...
Finished running lintian.
現在我們來看看成果如何。
通過 debuild 生成的第 0.2 版的 debhello 檔案：.
$ cd /path/to $ tree -FL 1 ./ ├── debhello-0.2/ ├── debhello-0.2.tar.gz ├── debhello_0.2-1.debian.tar.xz ├── debhello_0.2-1.dsc ├── debhello_0.2-1_all.deb ├── debhello_0.2-1_amd64.build ├── debhello_0.2-1_amd64.buildinfo ├── debhello_0.2-1_amd64.changes └── debhello_0.2.orig.tar.gz -> debhello-0.2.tar.gz 2 directories, 8 files
您可以看見生成的全部檔案。
debhello_0.2-1.debian.tar.xz 包含了 Debian 對上游原始碼的修改，具體如下所示。
壓縮過的歸檔檔案 debhello_0.2-1.debian.tar.xz 中的內容物：.
$ tar -tzf debhello-0.2.tar.gz debhello-0.2/ debhello-0.2/data/ debhello-0.2/data/hello.desktop debhello-0.2/data/hello.png debhello-0.2/man/ debhello-0.2/man/hello.1 debhello-0.2/scripts/ debhello-0.2/scripts/hello debhello-0.2/README.md $ tar --xz -tf debhello_0.2-1.debian.tar.xz debian/ debian/README.Debian debian/changelog debian/control debian/copyright debian/gbp.conf debian/install debian/manpages debian/rules debian/salsa-ci.yml debian/source/ debian/source/format debian/tests/ debian/tests/control debian/upstream/ debian/upstream/metadata debian/watch
debhello_0.2-1_amd64.deb 包含了將要安裝至系統中的檔案，如下所示。
debhello_0.2-1_all.deb 二進位制套件中的內容：.
$ dpkg -c debhello_0.2-1_all.deb drwxr-xr-x root/root ... ./ drwxr-xr-x root/root ... ./usr/ drwxr-xr-x root/root ... ./usr/bin/ -rwxr-xr-x root/root ... ./usr/bin/hello drwxr-xr-x root/root ... ./usr/share/ drwxr-xr-x root/root ... ./usr/share/applications/ -rw-r--r-- root/root ... ./usr/share/applications/hello.desktop drwxr-xr-x root/root ... ./usr/share/doc/ drwxr-xr-x root/root ... ./usr/share/doc/debhello/ -rw-r--r-- root/root ... ./usr/share/doc/debhello/README.Debian -rw-r--r-- root/root ... ./usr/share/doc/debhello/changelog.Debian.gz -rw-r--r-- root/root ... ./usr/share/doc/debhello/copyright drwxr-xr-x root/root ... ./usr/share/man/ drwxr-xr-x root/root ... ./usr/share/man/man1/ -rw-r--r-- root/root ... ./usr/share/man/man1/hello.1.gz drwxr-xr-x root/root ... ./usr/share/pixmaps/ -rw-r--r-- root/root ... ./usr/share/pixmaps/hello.png
此處是生成的 debhello_0.2-1_all.deb 的依賴項列表。
debhello_0.2-1_all.deb 的依賴項列表：.
$ dpkg -f debhello_0.2-1_all.deb pre-depends \
depends recommends conflicts breaks
(No extra dependency packages required since this is a POSIX shell program.)
![[注意]](images/note.png) | 注意 |
|---|---|
|
If you wish to replace upstream provided PNG file data/hello.png with maintainer provided one debian/hello.png, editing debian/install isn’t enough. When you add debian/hello.png, you need to add a line “include-binaries” to debian/source/options since PNG is a binary file. See dpkg-source(1). |
下面是從 POSIX shell 命令列介面程式建立簡單的 Debian 套件的範例，我們假設它使用 Makefile 作為構建系統。
讓我們假設上游的原始碼套件為 debhello-1.0.tar.gz。
這一類原始碼設計可以用這樣的方式安裝成為非系統檔案：
$ tar -xzmf debhello-1.0.tar.gz $ cd debhello-1.0 $ make install
Debian packaging requires changing this “make install” process to install files to the target system image location instead of the normal location under /usr/local.
讓我們取得原始碼並製作 Debian 套件。
下載 debhello-1.0.tar.gz.
$ wget http://www.example.org/download/debhello-1.0.tar.gz ... $ tar -xzmf debhello-1.0.tar.gz $ tree . ├── debhello-1.0 │ ├── Makefile │ ├── README.md │ ├── data │ │ ├── hello.desktop │ │ └── hello.png │ ├── man │ │ └── hello.1 │ └── scripts │ └── hello └── debhello-1.0.tar.gz 5 directories, 7 files
這裡的 Makefile 正確使用 $(DESTDIR) 和 $(prefix)。其他的所有檔案都和 “節 14.2, “無 Makefile（shell，命令列介面）”” 中的一樣，並且大多數的打包工作也都一樣。
Makefile（v=1.0）.
$ cat debhello-1.0/Makefile
prefix = /usr/local
all:
: # do nothing
install:
install -D scripts/hello \
$(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/bin/hello
install -m 644 -D data/hello.desktop \
$(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/applications/hello.desktop
install -m 644 -D data/hello.png \
$(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/pixmaps/hello.png
install -m 644 -D man/hello.1 \
$(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/man/man1/hello.1
clean:
: # do nothing
distclean: clean
uninstall:
-rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/bin/hello
-rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/applications/hello.desktop
-rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/pixmaps/hello.png
-rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/man/man1/hello.1
.PHONY: all install clean distclean uninstall
讓我們使用 debmake 命令來打包。這裡使用 -b':sh' 選項來指明生成的二進位制包是一個 shell 指令碼。
$ cd /path/to/debhello-1.0 $ debmake -b':sh' -x1 I: set parameters ... I: sanity check of parameters I: pkg="debhello", ver="1.0", rev="1" I: *** start packaging in "debhello-1.0". *** I: provide debhello_1.0.orig.tar.?z for non-native Debian package I: pwd = "/path/to" I: $ ln -sf debhello-1.0.tar.gz debhello_1.0.orig.tar.gz I: pwd = "/path/to/debhello-1.0" I: parse binary package settings: :sh I: binary package=debhello Type=script / Arch=all M-A=foreign I: analyze the source tree I: build_type = make I: scan source for copyright+license text and file extensions I: 25 %, ext = md ...
讓我們來檢查一下自動產生的模板檔案。
debian/rules（模板檔案，v=1.0）：.
$ cd /path/to/debhello-1.0
$ cat debian/rules
#!/usr/bin/make -f
# You must remove unused comment lines for the released package.
#export DH_VERBOSE = 1
%:
dh $@
#override_dh_auto_install:
# dh_auto_install -- prefix=/usr
#override_dh_install:
# dh_install --list-missing -X.pyc -X.pyo
作為維護者，我們要把這個 Debian 套件做得更好。
debian/rules（維護者版本，v=1.0）：.
$ cd /path/to/debhello-1.0
$ vim debian/rules
... hack, hack, hack, ...
$ cat debian/rules
#!/usr/bin/make -f
export DH_VERBOSE = 1
%:
dh $@
override_dh_auto_install:
dh_auto_install -- prefix=/usr
因為上游原始碼含有正確的上游 Makefile 文件，所以沒有必要再去建立 debian/install 和 debian/manpages 檔案。
debian/control 檔案和 “節 14.2, “無 Makefile（shell，命令列介面）”” 中的完全一致。
在 debian/ 目錄下還有一些其它的模板文件。它們也需要進行更新。
debian/ 目錄下的模板檔案。（v=1.0）：.
$ rm -f debian/clean debian/dirs debian/install debian/links $ rm -f debian/README.source debian/source/*.ex $ rm -rf debian/patches $ tree -F debian debian/ ├── README.Debian ├── changelog ├── control ├── copyright ├── gbp.conf ├── rules* ├── salsa-ci.yml ├── source/ │ └── format ├── tests/ │ └── control ├── upstream/ │ └── metadata └── watch 4 directories, 11 files
其餘的打包操作基本上和 “節 14.2, “無 Makefile（shell，命令列介面）”” 中的相同。
Here is an example of creating a simple Debian package from a Python3 CLI program using pyproject.toml.
讓我們取得原始碼並製作 Debian 套件。
下載 debhello-1.1.tar.gz.
$ wget http://www.example.org/download/debhello-1.1.tar.gz ... $ tar -xzmf debhello-1.1.tar.gz $ tree . ├── debhello-1.1 │ ├── LICENSE │ ├── MANIFEST.in │ ├── README.md │ ├── data │ │ ├── hello.desktop │ │ └── hello.png │ ├── manpages │ │ └── hello.1 │ ├── pyproject.toml │ └── src │ └── debhello │ ├── __init__.py │ └── main.py └── debhello-1.1.tar.gz 6 directories, 10 files
Here, the content of this debhello source tree as follows.
pyproject.toml (v=1.1) — PEP 517 configuration.
$ cat debhello-1.1/pyproject.toml
[build-system]
requires = ["setuptools >= 61.0"] # REQUIRED if [build-system] table is used...
build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta" # If not defined, then legacy behavi...
[project]
name = "debhello"
version = "1.1.0"
description = "Hello Python (CLI)"
readme = {file = "README.md", content-type = "text/markdown"}
requires-python = ">=3.12"
license = {file = "LICENSE.txt"}
keywords = ["debhello"]
authors = [
{name = "Osamu Aoki", email = "osamu@debian.org" },
]
maintainers = [
{name = "Osamu Aoki", email = "osamu@debian.org" },
]
classifiers = [
"Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable",
"Intended Audience :: Developers",
"Topic :: System :: Archiving :: Packaging",
"License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License",
"Programming Language :: Python :: 3",
"Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12",
"Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only",
# Others
"Operating System :: POSIX :: Linux",
"Natural Language :: English",
]
[project.urls]
"Homepage" = "https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake"
"Bug Reports" = "https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake/issues"
"Source" = "https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake"
[project.scripts]
hello = "debhello.main:main"
[tool.setuptools]
package-dir = {"" = "src"}
packages = ["debhello"]
include-package-data = true
MANIFEST.in (v=1.1) — for tar-ball.
$ cat debhello-1.1/MANIFEST.in include data/* include manpages/*
src/debhello/__init__.py (v=1.1).
$ cat debhello-1.1/src/debhello/__init__.py """ debhello program (CLI) """
src/debhello/main.py (v=1.1) — command entry point.
$ cat debhello-1.1/src/debhello/main.py
"""
debhello program
"""
import sys
__version__ = '1.1.0'
def main(): # needed for console script
print(' ========== Hello Python3 ==========')
print('argv = {}'.format(sys.argv))
print('version = {}'.format(debhello.__version__))
return
if __name__ == "__main__":
sys.exit(main())
讓我們使用 debmake 命令來打包。這裡使用 -b':py3' 選項來指明生成的二進位制包包含 Python3 指令碼和模組檔案。
$ cd /path/to/debhello-1.1 $ debmake -b':py3' -x1 I: set parameters ... I: sanity check of parameters I: pkg="debhello", ver="1.1", rev="1" I: *** start packaging in "debhello-1.1". *** I: provide debhello_1.1.orig.tar.?z for non-native Debian package I: pwd = "/path/to" I: $ ln -sf debhello-1.1.tar.gz debhello_1.1.orig.tar.gz I: pwd = "/path/to/debhello-1.1" I: parse binary package settings: :py3 I: binary package=debhello Type=python3 / Arch=all M-A=foreign I: analyze the source tree W: setuptools build system. I: build_type = Python (pyproject.toml: PEP-518, PEP-621, PEP-660) I: scan source for copyright+license text and file extensions ...
讓我們來檢查一下自動產生的模板檔案。
debian/rules（模板檔案，v=1.1）：.
$ cd /path/to/debhello-1.1
$ cat debian/rules
#!/usr/bin/make -f
# You must remove unused comment lines for the released package.
#export DH_VERBOSE = 1
%:
dh $@ --with python3 --buildsystem=pybuild
這基本上是帶有 dh 命令的標準 debian/rules 檔案。
The use of the “--with python3” option invokes dh_python3 to calculate Python dependencies, add maintainer scripts to byte compiled files, etc. See dh_python3(1).
The use of the “--buildsystem=pybuild” option invokes various build systems for requested Python versions in order to build modules and extensions. See pybuild(1).
debian/control（模板檔案，v=1.1）：.
$ cat debian/control
Source: debhello
Section: unknown
Priority: optional
Maintainer: "Osamu Aoki" <osamu@debian.org>
Build-Depends:
debhelper-compat (= 13),
dh-python,
pybuild-plugin-pyproject,
python3-all,
python3-setuptools,
Standards-Version: 4.7.0
Homepage: <insert the upstream URL, if relevant>
Rules-Requires-Root: no
#Vcs-Git: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debhello.git
#Vcs-Browser: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debhello
Package: debhello
Architecture: all
Multi-Arch: foreign
Depends:
${misc:Depends},
${python3:Depends},
Description: auto-generated package by debmake
This Debian binary package was auto-generated by the
debmake(1) command provided by the debmake package.
Since this is the Python3 package, the debmake command sets “Architecture: all” and “Multi-Arch: foreign”. Also, it sets required substvar parameters as “Depends: ${python3:Depends}, ${misc:Depends}”. These are explained in “章 6, Basics for packaging”.
作為維護者，我們要把這個 Debian 套件做得更好。
debian/rules（維護者版本，v=1.1）：.
$ cd /path/to/debhello-1.1
$ vim debian/rules
... hack, hack, hack, ...
$ cat debian/rules
#!/usr/bin/make -f
export PYBUILD_NAME=debhello
export PYBUILD_VERBOSE=1
export DH_VERBOSE=1
%:
dh $@ --with python3 --buildsystem=pybuild
debian/control（維護者版本，v=1.1）：.
$ vim debian/control
... hack, hack, hack, ...
$ cat debian/control
Source: debhello
Section: devel
Priority: optional
Maintainer: Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org>
Build-Depends:
debhelper-compat (= 13),
pybuild-plugin-pyproject,
python3-all,
Standards-Version: 4.6.2
Rules-Requires-Root: no
Vcs-Browser: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake-doc
Vcs-Git: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake-doc.git
Homepage: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake-doc
Package: debhello
Architecture: all
Depends:
${misc:Depends},
${python3:Depends},
Description: Simple packaging example for debmake
This is an example package to demonstrate Debian packaging using
the debmake command.
.
The generated Debian package uses the dh command offered by the
debhelper package and the dpkg source format `3.0 (quilt)'.
在 debian/ 目錄下還有一些其它的模板文件。它們也需要進行更新。
This debhello command comes with the upstream-provided manpage and desktop file but the upstream pyproject.toml doesn’t install them. So you need to update debian/install and debian/manpages as follows:
debian/install (maintainer version, v=1.1):
$ vim debian/copyright ... hack, hack, hack, ... $ cat debian/copyright Format: https://www.debian.org/doc/packaging-manuals/copyright-format/1.0/ Upstream-Name: debhello Upstream-Contact: Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org> Source: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake-doc Files: * Copyright: 2015-2024 Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org> License: Expat Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: . The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. . THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
debian/manpages (maintainer version, v=1.1):
$ vim debian/install ... hack, hack, hack, ... $ cat debian/install data/hello.desktop usr/share/applications data/hello.png usr/share/pixmaps
其餘的打包工作與 “節 14.3, “Makefile（shell，命令列介面）”” 中的幾乎一致。
debian/ 目錄下的模板檔案。（v=1.1）：.
$ rm -f debian/clean debian/dirs debian/links $ rm -f debian/README.source debian/source/*.ex $ rm -rf debian/patches $ tree -F debian debian/ ├── README.Debian ├── changelog ├── control ├── copyright ├── gbp.conf ├── install ├── manpages ├── rules* ├── salsa-ci.yml ├── source/ │ └── format ├── tests/ │ └── control ├── upstream/ │ └── metadata └── watch 4 directories, 13 files
此處是生成的 debhello_1.1-1_all.deb 包的依賴項列表。
debhello_1.1-1_all.deb 的依賴項列表：.
$ dpkg -f debhello_1.1-1_all.deb pre-depends \
depends recommends conflicts breaks
Depends: python3:any
此處是一個從 POSIX shell 圖形介面程式構建簡單的 Debian 套件的範例，我們假設程式使用 Makefile 作為構建系統。
上游是基於 “節 14.3, “Makefile（shell，命令列介面）”” 中的原始碼，並帶有增強的圖形介面支持。
讓我們假設上游的原始碼套件為 debhello-1.2.tar.gz。
讓我們取得原始碼並製作 Debian 套件。
下載 debhello-1.2.tar.gz.
$ wget http://www.example.org/download/debhello-1.2.tar.gz ... $ tar -xzmf debhello-1.2.tar.gz $ tree . ├── debhello-1.2 │ ├── Makefile │ ├── README.md │ ├── data │ │ ├── hello.desktop │ │ └── hello.png │ ├── man │ │ └── hello.1 │ └── scripts │ └── hello └── debhello-1.2.tar.gz 5 directories, 7 files
此處的 hello 已經被重寫以便使用 zenity 命令來使其成為 GTK+ 圖形介面程序。
hello（v=1.2）.
$ cat debhello-1.2/scripts/hello #!/bin/sh -e zenity --info --title "hello" --text "Hello from the shell!"
這裡，作為圖形介面程式，桌面檔案被更新為 Terminal=false。
hello.desktop（v=1.2）.
$ cat debhello-1.2/data/hello.desktop [Desktop Entry] Name=Hello Name[fr]=Bonjour Comment=Greetings Comment[fr]=Salutations Type=Application Keywords=hello Exec=hello Terminal=false Icon=hello.png Categories=Utility;
其餘的所有檔案都與 “節 14.3, “Makefile（shell，命令列介面）”” 中的一致。
Let’s package this with the debmake command. Here, the “-b':sh'” option is used to specify that the generated binary package is a shell script.
$ cd /path/to/debhello-1.2 $ debmake -b':sh' -x1 I: set parameters ... I: sanity check of parameters I: pkg="debhello", ver="1.2", rev="1" I: *** start packaging in "debhello-1.2". *** I: provide debhello_1.2.orig.tar.?z for non-native Debian package I: pwd = "/path/to" I: $ ln -sf debhello-1.2.tar.gz debhello_1.2.orig.tar.gz I: pwd = "/path/to/debhello-1.2" I: parse binary package settings: :sh I: binary package=debhello Type=script / Arch=all M-A=foreign I: analyze the source tree I: build_type = make I: scan source for copyright+license text and file extensions I: 25 %, ext = md ...
讓我們來檢查一下自動產生的模板檔案。
debian/control（模板檔案，v=1.2）：.
$ cat debian/control
Source: debhello
Section: unknown
Priority: optional
Maintainer: "Osamu Aoki" <osamu@debian.org>
Build-Depends:
debhelper-compat (= 13),
Standards-Version: 4.7.0
Homepage: <insert the upstream URL, if relevant>
Rules-Requires-Root: no
#Vcs-Git: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debhello.git
#Vcs-Browser: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debhello
Package: debhello
Architecture: all
Multi-Arch: foreign
Depends:
${misc:Depends},
Description: auto-generated package by debmake
This Debian binary package was auto-generated by the
debmake(1) command provided by the debmake package.
作為維護者，我們要把這個 Debian 套件做得更好。
debian/control（維護者版本，v=1.2）：.
$ vim debian/control
... hack, hack, hack, ...
$ cat debian/control
Source: debhello
Section: devel
Priority: optional
Maintainer: Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org>
Build-Depends:
debhelper-compat (= 13),
Standards-Version: 4.6.2
Homepage: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake-doc
Rules-Requires-Root: no
Package: debhello
Architecture: all
Multi-Arch: foreign
Depends:
zenity,
${misc:Depends},
Description: Simple packaging example for debmake
This Debian binary package is an example package.
(This is an example only)
請注意，這裡需要手動新增 zenity 依賴。
debian/rules 檔案與 “節 14.3, “Makefile（shell，命令列介面）”” 中的完全一致。
在 debian/ 目錄下還有一些其它的模板文件。它們也需要進行更新。
debian/ 目錄下的模板檔案。（v=1.2）：.
$ rm -f debian/clean debian/dirs debian/install debian/links $ rm -f debian/README.source debian/source/*.ex $ rm -rf debian/patches $ tree -F debian debian/ ├── README.Debian ├── changelog ├── control ├── copyright ├── gbp.conf ├── rules* ├── salsa-ci.yml ├── source/ │ └── format ├── tests/ │ └── control ├── upstream/ │ └── metadata └── watch 4 directories, 11 files
其餘的打包工作與 “節 14.3, “Makefile（shell，命令列介面）”” 中的幾乎一致。
此處是 debhello_1.2-1_all.deb 的依賴項列表。
debhello_1.2-1_all.deb 的依賴項列表：.
$ dpkg -f debhello_1.2-1_all.deb pre-depends \
depends recommends conflicts breaks
Depends: zenity
Here is an example of creating a simple Debian package from a Python3 GUI program using pyproject.toml.
讓我們假設上游原始碼套件為 debhello-1.3.tar.gz。
讓我們取得原始碼並製作 Debian 套件。
下載 debhello-1.3.tar.gz.
$ wget http://www.example.org/download/debhello-1.3.tar.gz ... $ tar -xzmf debhello-1.3.tar.gz $ tree . ├── debhello-1.3 │ ├── LICENSE │ ├── MANIFEST.in │ ├── README.md │ ├── data │ │ ├── hello.desktop │ │ └── hello.png │ ├── manpages │ │ └── hello.1 │ ├── pyproject.toml │ └── src │ └── debhello │ ├── __init__.py │ └── main.py └── debhello-1.3.tar.gz 6 directories, 10 files
Here, the content of this debhello source tree as follows.
pyproject.toml (v=1.3) — PEP 517 configuration.
$ cat debhello-1.3/pyproject.toml
[build-system]
requires = ["setuptools >= 61.0"] # REQUIRED if [build-system] table is used...
build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta" # If not defined, then legacy behavi...
[project]
name = "debhello"
version = "1.3.0"
description = "Hello Python (GUI)"
readme = {file = "README.md", content-type = "text/markdown"}
requires-python = ">=3.12"
license = {file = "LICENSE.txt"}
keywords = ["debhello"]
authors = [
{name = "Osamu Aoki", email = "osamu@debian.org" },
]
maintainers = [
{name = "Osamu Aoki", email = "osamu@debian.org" },
]
classifiers = [
"Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable",
"Intended Audience :: Developers",
"Topic :: System :: Archiving :: Packaging",
"License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License",
"Programming Language :: Python :: 3",
"Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12",
"Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only",
# Others
"Operating System :: POSIX :: Linux",
"Natural Language :: English",
]
[project.urls]
"Homepage" = "https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake"
"Bug Reports" = "https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake/issues"
"Source" = "https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake"
[project.scripts]
hello = "debhello.main:main"
[tool.setuptools]
package-dir = {"" = "src"}
packages = ["debhello"]
include-package-data = true
MANIFEST.in (v=1.3) — for tar-ball.
$ cat debhello-1.3/MANIFEST.in include data/* include manpages/*
src/debhello/__init__.py (v=1.3).
$ cat debhello-1.3/src/debhello/__init__.py """ debhello program (GUI) """
src/debhello/main.py (v=1.3) — command entry point.
$ cat debhello-1.3/src/debhello/main.py
#!/usr/bin/python3
from gi.repository import Gtk
__version__ = '1.3.0'
class TopWindow(Gtk.Window):
def __init__(self):
Gtk.Window.__init__(self)
self.title = "Hello World!"
self.counter = 0
self.border_width = 10
self.set_default_size(400, 100)
self.set_position(Gtk.WindowPosition.CENTER)
self.button = Gtk.Button(label="Click me!")
self.button.connect("clicked", self.on_button_clicked)
self.add(self.button)
self.connect("delete-event", self.on_window_destroy)
def on_window_destroy(self, *args):
Gtk.main_quit(*args)
def on_button_clicked(self, widget):
self.counter += 1
widget.set_label("Hello, World!\nClick count = %i" % self.counter)
def main():
window = TopWindow()
window.show_all()
Gtk.main()
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
讓我們使用 debmake 命令來打包。這裡使用 -b':py3' 選項來指明生成的二進位制包包含 Python3 指令碼和模組檔案。
$ cd /path/to/debhello-1.3 $ debmake -b':py3' -x1 I: set parameters ... I: sanity check of parameters I: pkg="debhello", ver="1.3", rev="1" I: *** start packaging in "debhello-1.3". *** I: provide debhello_1.3.orig.tar.?z for non-native Debian package I: pwd = "/path/to" I: $ ln -sf debhello-1.3.tar.gz debhello_1.3.orig.tar.gz I: pwd = "/path/to/debhello-1.3" I: parse binary package settings: :py3 I: binary package=debhello Type=python3 / Arch=all M-A=foreign I: analyze the source tree W: setuptools build system. I: build_type = Python (pyproject.toml: PEP-518, PEP-621, PEP-660) I: scan source for copyright+license text and file extensions ...
The result is practically the same as in “節 14.4, “pyproject.toml (Python3, CLI)””.
作為維護者，我們要把這個 Debian 套件做得更好。
debian/rules（維護者版本，v=1.3）：.
$ cd /path/to/debhello-1.3
$ vim debian/rules
... hack, hack, hack, ...
$ cat debian/rules
#!/usr/bin/make -f
export PYBUILD_NAME=debhello
export PYBUILD_VERBOSE=1
export DH_VERBOSE=1
%:
dh $@ --with python3 --buildsystem=pybuild
debian/control（維護者版本，v=1.3）：.
$ vim debian/control
... hack, hack, hack, ...
$ cat debian/control
Source: debhello
Section: devel
Priority: optional
Maintainer: Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org>
Build-Depends:
debhelper-compat (= 13),
pybuild-plugin-pyproject,
python3-all,
Standards-Version: 4.6.2
Homepage: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake-doc
Rules-Requires-Root: no
Package: debhello
Architecture: all
Multi-Arch: foreign
Depends:
gir1.2-gtk-3.0,
python3-gi,
${misc:Depends},
${python3:Depends},
Description: Simple packaging example for debmake
This Debian binary package is an example package.
(This is an example only)
請注意，此處需要手動新增 python3-gi 和 gir1.2-gtk-3.0 依賴。
The rest of the packaging activities are practically the same as in <pyproject>>.
此處是 debhello_1.3-1_all.deb 的依賴項列表。
debhello_1.3-1_all.deb 的依賴項列表：.
$ dpkg -f debhello_1.3-1_all.deb pre-depends \
depends recommends conflicts breaks
Depends: gir1.2-gtk-3.0, python3-gi, python3:any
這裡給出了從簡單的 C 語言原始碼建立簡單的 Debian 套件的例子，並假設上游使用了 Makefile 作為構建系統。
此處的上游原始碼是 “章 5, Simple packaging” 中的原始碼的增強版本。它帶有手冊頁、桌面檔案和桌面圖示。並且為了更加貼合實際，它還有一個外部程式庫檔案 libm。
讓我們假設上游原始碼套件為 debhello-1.4.tar.gz。
這一類原始碼設計可以用這樣的方式安裝成為非系統檔案：
$ tar -xzmf debhello-1.4.tar.gz $ cd debhello-1.4 $ make $ make install
Debian packaging requires changing this “make install” process to install files into the target system image location instead of the normal location under /usr/local.
讓我們取得原始碼並製作 Debian 套件。
下載 debhello-1.4.tar.gz.
$ wget http://www.example.org/download/debhello-1.4.tar.gz ... $ tar -xzmf debhello-1.4.tar.gz $ tree . ├── debhello-1.4 │ ├── LICENSE │ ├── Makefile │ ├── README.md │ ├── data │ │ ├── hello.desktop │ │ └── hello.png │ ├── man │ │ └── hello.1 │ └── src │ ├── config.h │ └── hello.c └── debhello-1.4.tar.gz 5 directories, 9 files
此處的原始碼如下所示。
src/hello.c（v=1.4）：.
$ cat debhello-1.4/src/hello.c
#include "config.h"
#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int
main()
{
printf("Hello, I am " PACKAGE_AUTHOR "!\n");
printf("4.0 * atan(1.0) = %10f8\n", 4.0*atan(1.0));
return 0;
}
src/config.h（v=1.4）：.
$ cat debhello-1.4/Makefile
prefix = /usr/local
all: src/hello
src/hello: src/hello.c
$(CC) $(CPPFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) -o $@ $^ -lm
install: src/hello
install -D src/hello \
$(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/bin/hello
install -m 644 -D data/hello.desktop \
$(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/applications/hello.desktop
install -m 644 -D data/hello.png \
$(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/pixmaps/hello.png
install -m 644 -D man/hello.1 \
$(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/man/man1/hello.1
clean:
-rm -f src/hello
distclean: clean
uninstall:
-rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/bin/hello
-rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/applications/hello.desktop
-rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/pixmaps/hello.png
-rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/man/man1/hello.1
.PHONY: all install clean distclean uninstall
Makefile（v=1.4）：.
$ cat debhello-1.4/src/config.h #define PACKAGE_AUTHOR "Osamu Aoki"
請注意，此 Makefile 含有正確的手冊頁、桌面檔案、桌面圖示的 install 物件。
讓我們使用 debmake 命令打包。
$ cd /path/to/debhello-1.4 $ debmake -x1 I: set parameters ... I: sanity check of parameters I: pkg="debhello", ver="1.4", rev="1" I: *** start packaging in "debhello-1.4". *** I: provide debhello_1.4.orig.tar.?z for non-native Debian package I: pwd = "/path/to" I: $ ln -sf debhello-1.4.tar.gz debhello_1.4.orig.tar.gz I: pwd = "/path/to/debhello-1.4" I: parse binary package settings: I: binary package=debhello Type=bin / Arch=any M-A=foreign I: analyze the source tree I: build_type = make I: scan source for copyright+license text and file extensions I: 33 %, ext = c ...
其餘的工作與 “節 5.6, “Step 2: Generate template files with debmake”” 中的幾乎一致。
像 “節 5.7, “第三步：編輯模板檔案”” 中所寫的一樣，讓我們這些維護者來把這個 Debian 套件做的更好。
If the DEB_BUILD_MAINT_OPTIONS environment variable is not exported in debian/rules, lintian warns “W: debhello: hardening-no-relro usr/bin/hello” for the linking of libm.
debian/control 檔案與 “節 5.7, “第三步：編輯模板檔案”” 中的完全一致，因為 libm 程式庫是 libc6 程式庫的一部分，所以它總是可獲得的（優先順序：必需 / Priority: required）。
在 debian/ 目錄下還有一些其它的模板文件。它們也需要進行更新。
debian/ 目錄下的模板檔案。（v=1.4）：.
$ rm -f debian/clean debian/dirs debian/links $ rm -f debian/README.source debian/source/*.ex $ rm -rf debian/patches $ tree -F debian debian/ ├── README.Debian ├── changelog ├── control ├── copyright ├── gbp.conf ├── install ├── rules* ├── salsa-ci.yml ├── source/ │ └── format ├── tests/ │ └── control ├── upstream/ │ └── metadata └── watch 4 directories, 12 files
其餘的打包步驟與 “節 5.8, “Step 4: Building package with debuild”” 中的基本一致。
此處是生成的二進位制包的依賴項列表。
生成的二進位制包的依賴項列表（v=1.4）：.
$ dpkg -f debhello-dbgsym_1.4-1_amd64.deb pre-depends \
depends recommends conflicts breaks
Depends: debhello (= 1.4-1)
$ dpkg -f debhello_1.4-1_amd64.deb pre-depends \
depends recommends conflicts breaks
Depends: libc6 (>= 2.34)
這裡給出了從簡單的 C 語言原始碼建立簡單的 Debian 套件的例子，並假設上游使用了 Makefile.in 和 configure 作為構建系統。
此處的原始碼範例是 “節 14.7, “Makefile（單個二進位制套件）”” 中的原始碼的增強版本。它也有一個外部連結程式庫 libm，並且它的原始碼可以使用 configure 指令碼進行配置，然後生成相應的 Makefile、src/config.h 檔案。
讓我們假設上游原始碼套件為 debhello-1.5.tar.gz。
此型別的原始碼旨在作為非系統檔案安裝，例如：
$ tar -xzmf debhello-1.5.tar.gz $ cd debhello-1.5 $ ./configure --with-math $ make $ make install
讓我們取得原始碼並製作 Debian 套件。
下載 debhello-1.5.tar.gz.
$ wget http://www.example.org/download/debhello-1.5.tar.gz ... $ tar -xzmf debhello-1.5.tar.gz $ tree . ├── debhello-1.5 │ ├── LICENSE │ ├── Makefile.in │ ├── README.md │ ├── configure │ ├── data │ │ ├── hello.desktop │ │ └── hello.png │ ├── man │ │ └── hello.1 │ └── src │ └── hello.c └── debhello-1.5.tar.gz 5 directories, 9 files
此處的原始碼如下所示。
src/hello.c（v=1.5）：.
$ cat debhello-1.5/src/hello.c
#include "config.h"
#ifdef WITH_MATH
# include <math.h>
#endif
#include <stdio.h>
int
main()
{
printf("Hello, I am " PACKAGE_AUTHOR "!\n");
#ifdef WITH_MATH
printf("4.0 * atan(1.0) = %10f8\n", 4.0*atan(1.0));
#else
printf("I can't do MATH!\n");
#endif
return 0;
}
Makefile.in（v=1.5）：.
$ cat debhello-1.5/Makefile.in
prefix = @prefix@
all: src/hello
src/hello: src/hello.c
$(CC) @VERBOSE@ \
$(CPPFLAGS) \
$(CFLAGS) \
$(LDFLAGS) \
-o $@ $^ \
@LINKLIB@
install: src/hello
install -D src/hello \
$(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/bin/hello
install -m 644 -D data/hello.desktop \
$(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/applications/hello.desktop
install -m 644 -D data/hello.png \
$(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/pixmaps/hello.png
install -m 644 -D man/hello.1 \
$(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/man/man1/hello.1
clean:
-rm -f src/hello
distclean: clean
uninstall:
-rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/bin/hello
-rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/applications/hello.desktop
-rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/pixmaps/hello.png
-rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/man/man1/hello.1
.PHONY: all install clean distclean uninstall
configure（v=1.5）：.
$ cat debhello-1.5/configure
#!/bin/sh -e
# default values
PREFIX="/usr/local"
VERBOSE=""
WITH_MATH="0"
LINKLIB=""
PACKAGE_AUTHOR="John Doe"
# parse arguments
while [ "${1}" != "" ]; do
VAR="${1%=*}" # Drop suffix =*
VAL="${1#*=}" # Drop prefix *=
case "${VAR}" in
--prefix)
PREFIX="${VAL}"
;;
--verbose|-v)
VERBOSE="-v"
;;
--with-math)
WITH_MATH="1"
LINKLIB="-lm"
;;
--author)
PACKAGE_AUTHOR="${VAL}"
;;
*)
echo "W: Unknown argument: ${1}"
esac
shift
done
# setup configured Makefile and src/config.h
sed -e "s,@prefix@,${PREFIX}," \
-e "s,@VERBOSE@,${VERBOSE}," \
-e "s,@LINKLIB@,${LINKLIB}," \
<Makefile.in >Makefile
if [ "${WITH_MATH}" = 1 ]; then
echo "#define WITH_MATH" >src/config.h
else
echo "/* not defined: WITH_MATH */" >src/config.h
fi
echo "#define PACKAGE_AUTHOR \"${PACKAGE_AUTHOR}\"" >>src/config.h
Please note that the configure command replaces strings with @…@ in Makefile.in to produce Makefile and creates src/config.h.
讓我們使用 debmake 命令打包。
$ cd /path/to/debhello-1.5 $ debmake -x1 I: set parameters ... I: sanity check of parameters I: pkg="debhello", ver="1.5", rev="1" I: *** start packaging in "debhello-1.5". *** I: provide debhello_1.5.orig.tar.?z for non-native Debian package I: pwd = "/path/to" I: $ ln -sf debhello-1.5.tar.gz debhello_1.5.orig.tar.gz I: pwd = "/path/to/debhello-1.5" I: parse binary package settings: I: binary package=debhello Type=bin / Arch=any M-A=foreign I: analyze the source tree I: build_type = configure I: scan source for copyright+license text and file extensions I: 17 %, ext = in ...
結果與 “節 5.6, “Step 2: Generate template files with debmake”” 中的相似，但是並不完全一致。
讓我們來檢查一下自動產生的模板檔案。
debian/rules（模板檔案，v=1.5）：.
$ cd /path/to/debhello-1.5
$ cat debian/rules
#!/usr/bin/make -f
# You must remove unused comment lines for the released package.
#export DH_VERBOSE = 1
#export DEB_BUILD_MAINT_OPTIONS = hardening=+all
#export DEB_CFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wall -pedantic
#export DEB_LDFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wl,-O1
%:
dh $@
作為維護者，我們要把這個 Debian 套件做得更好。
debian/rules（維護者版本，v=1.5）：.
$ cd /path/to/debhello-1.5
$ vim debian/rules
... hack, hack, hack, ...
$ cat debian/rules
#!/usr/bin/make -f
export DH_VERBOSE = 1
export DEB_BUILD_MAINT_OPTIONS = hardening=+all
export DEB_CFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wall -pedantic
export DEB_LDFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wl,--as-needed
%:
dh $@
override_dh_auto_configure:
dh_auto_configure -- \
--with-math \
--author="Osamu Aoki"
在 debian/ 目錄下還有一些其它的模板文件。它們也需要進行更新。
其餘的打包步驟與 “節 5.8, “Step 4: Building package with debuild”” 中的基本一致。
Here is an example of creating a simple Debian package from a simple C source program using Autotools = Autoconf and Automake (Makefile.am and configure.ac) as its build system.
此種原始碼通常也帶有上游自動生成的 Makefile.in 和 configure 檔案。在 autotools-dev 套件的幫助下，我們可以按 “節 14.8, “Makefile.in + configure（單個二進位制套件）”” 中所介紹的，使用這些檔案進行打包。
The better alternative is to regenerate these files using the latest Autoconf and Automake packages if the upstream provided Makefile.am and configure.ac are compatible with the latest version. This is advantageous for porting to new CPU architectures, etc. This can be automated by using the “--with autoreconf” option for the dh command.
讓我們假設上游的原始碼套件為 debhello-1.6.tar.gz。
此型別的原始碼旨在作為非系統檔案安裝，例如：
$ tar -xzmf debhello-1.6.tar.gz $ cd debhello-1.6 $ autoreconf -ivf # optional $ ./configure --with-math $ make $ make install
讓我們取得原始碼並製作 Debian 套件。
下載 debhello-1.6.tar.gz.
$ wget http://www.example.org/download/debhello-1.6.tar.gz ... $ tar -xzmf debhello-1.6.tar.gz $ tree . ├── debhello-1.6 │ ├── LICENSE │ ├── Makefile.am │ ├── README.md │ ├── configure.ac │ ├── data │ │ ├── hello.desktop │ │ └── hello.png │ ├── man │ │ ├── Makefile.am │ │ └── hello.1 │ └── src │ ├── Makefile.am │ └── hello.c └── debhello-1.6.tar.gz 5 directories, 11 files
此處的原始碼如下所示。
src/hello.c（v=1.6）：.
$ cat debhello-1.6/src/hello.c
#include "config.h"
#ifdef WITH_MATH
# include <math.h>
#endif
#include <stdio.h>
int
main()
{
printf("Hello, I am " PACKAGE_AUTHOR "!\n");
#ifdef WITH_MATH
printf("4.0 * atan(1.0) = %10f8\n", 4.0*atan(1.0));
#else
printf("I can't do MATH!\n");
#endif
return 0;
}
Makefile.am（v=1.6）：.
$ cat debhello-1.6/Makefile.am SUBDIRS = src man $ cat debhello-1.6/man/Makefile.am dist_man_MANS = hello.1 $ cat debhello-1.6/src/Makefile.am bin_PROGRAMS = hello hello_SOURCES = hello.c
configure.ac（v=1.6）：.
$ cat debhello-1.6/configure.ac
# -*- Autoconf -*-
# Process this file with autoconf to produce a configure script.
AC_PREREQ([2.69])
AC_INIT([debhello],[2.1],[foo@example.org])
AC_CONFIG_SRCDIR([src/hello.c])
AC_CONFIG_HEADERS([config.h])
echo "Standard customization chores"
AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR([build-aux])
AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE([foreign])
# Add #define PACKAGE_AUTHOR ... in config.h with a comment
AC_DEFINE(PACKAGE_AUTHOR, ["Osamu Aoki"], [Define PACKAGE_AUTHOR])
echo "Add --with-math option functionality to ./configure"
AC_ARG_WITH([math],
[AS_HELP_STRING([--with-math],
[compile with math library @<:@default=yes@:>@])],
[],
[with_math="yes"]
)
echo "==== withval := \"$withval\""
echo "==== with_math := \"$with_math\""
# m4sh if-else construct
AS_IF([test "x$with_math" != "xno"],[
echo "==== Check include: math.h"
AC_CHECK_HEADER(math.h,[],[
AC_MSG_ERROR([Couldn't find math.h.] )
])
echo "==== Check library: libm"
AC_SEARCH_LIBS(atan, [m])
#AC_CHECK_LIB(m, atan)
echo "==== Build with LIBS := \"$LIBS\""
AC_DEFINE(WITH_MATH, [1], [Build with the math library])
],[
echo "==== Skip building with math.h."
AH_TEMPLATE(WITH_MATH, [Build without the math library])
])
# Checks for programs.
AC_PROG_CC
AC_CONFIG_FILES([Makefile
man/Makefile
src/Makefile])
AC_OUTPUT
| 提示 |
|---|---|
|
Without “foreign” strictness level specified in AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE() as above, automake defaults to “gnu” strictness level requiring several files in the top-level directory. See “3.2 Strictness” in the automake document. |
讓我們使用 debmake 命令打包。
$ cd /path/to/debhello-1.6 $ debmake -x1 I: set parameters ... I: sanity check of parameters I: pkg="debhello", ver="1.6", rev="1" I: *** start packaging in "debhello-1.6". *** I: provide debhello_1.6.orig.tar.?z for non-native Debian package I: pwd = "/path/to" I: $ ln -sf debhello-1.6.tar.gz debhello_1.6.orig.tar.gz I: pwd = "/path/to/debhello-1.6" I: parse binary package settings: I: binary package=debhello Type=bin / Arch=any M-A=foreign I: analyze the source tree I: build_type = Autotools with autoreconf I: scan source for copyright+license text and file extensions I: 33 %, ext = am ...
結果與 “節 14.8, “Makefile.in + configure（單個二進位制套件）”” 中的類似，但是並不完全一致。
讓我們來檢查一下自動產生的模板檔案。
debian/rules（模板檔案，v=1.6）:
$ cd /path/to/debhello-1.6
$ cat debian/rules
#!/usr/bin/make -f
# You must remove unused comment lines for the released package.
#export DH_VERBOSE = 1
#export DEB_BUILD_MAINT_OPTIONS = hardening=+all
#export DEB_CFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wall -pedantic
#export DEB_LDFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wl,-O1
%:
dh $@ --with autoreconf
#override_dh_install:
# dh_install --list-missing -X.la -X.pyc -X.pyo
作為維護者，我們要把這個 Debian 套件做得更好。
debian/rules（維護者版本，v=1.6）：.
$ cd /path/to/debhello-1.6
$ vim debian/rules
... hack, hack, hack, ...
$ cat debian/rules
#!/usr/bin/make -f
export DH_VERBOSE = 1
export DEB_BUILD_MAINT_OPTIONS = hardening=+all
export DEB_CFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wall -pedantic
export DEB_LDFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wl,--as-needed
%:
dh $@ --with autoreconf
override_dh_auto_configure:
dh_auto_configure -- \
--with-math
在 debian/ 目錄下還有一些其它的模板文件。它們也需要進行更新。
其餘的打包步驟與 “節 5.8, “Step 4: Building package with debuild”” 中的基本一致。
Here is an example of creating a simple Debian package from a simple C source program using CMake (CMakeLists.txt and some files such as config.h.in) as its build system.
The cmake command generates the Makefile file based on the CMakeLists.txt file and its -D option. It also configures the file as specified in its configure_file(…) by replacing strings with @…@ and changing the #cmakedefine … line.
讓我們假設上游的原始碼套件為 debhello-1.7.tar.gz。
此型別的原始碼旨在作為非系統檔案安裝，例如：
$ tar -xzmf debhello-1.7.tar.gz $ cd debhello-1.7 $ mkdir obj-x86_64-linux-gnu # for out-of-tree build $ cd obj-x86_64-linux-gnu $ cmake .. $ make $ make install
讓我們取得原始碼並製作 Debian 套件。
下載 debhello-1.7.tar.gz.
$ wget http://www.example.org/download/debhello-1.7.tar.gz ... $ tar -xzmf debhello-1.7.tar.gz $ tree . ├── debhello-1.7 │ ├── CMakeLists.txt │ ├── LICENSE │ ├── README.md │ ├── data │ │ ├── hello.desktop │ │ └── hello.png │ ├── man │ │ ├── CMakeLists.txt │ │ └── hello.1 │ └── src │ ├── CMakeLists.txt │ ├── config.h.in │ └── hello.c └── debhello-1.7.tar.gz 5 directories, 11 files
此處的原始碼如下所示。
src/hello.c（v=1.7）：.
$ cat debhello-1.7/src/hello.c
#include "config.h"
#ifdef WITH_MATH
# include <math.h>
#endif
#include <stdio.h>
int
main()
{
printf("Hello, I am " PACKAGE_AUTHOR "!\n");
#ifdef WITH_MATH
printf("4.0 * atan(1.0) = %10f8\n", 4.0*atan(1.0));
#else
printf("I can't do MATH!\n");
#endif
return 0;
}
src/config.h.in（v=1.7）：.
$ cat debhello-1.7/src/config.h.in /* name of the package author */ #define PACKAGE_AUTHOR "@PACKAGE_AUTHOR@" /* math library support */ #cmakedefine WITH_MATH
CMakeLists.txt（v=1.7）：.
$ cat debhello-1.7/CMakeLists.txt
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 2.8)
project(debhello)
set(PACKAGE_AUTHOR "Osamu Aoki")
add_subdirectory(src)
add_subdirectory(man)
$ cat debhello-1.7/man/CMakeLists.txt
install(
FILES ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/hello.1
DESTINATION share/man/man1
)
$ cat debhello-1.7/src/CMakeLists.txt
# Always define HAVE_CONFIG_H
add_definitions(-DHAVE_CONFIG_H)
# Interactively define WITH_MATH
option(WITH_MATH "Build with math support" OFF)
#variable_watch(WITH_MATH)
# Generate config.h from config.h.in
configure_file(
"${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/config.h.in"
"${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/config.h"
)
include_directories("${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}")
add_executable(hello hello.c)
install(TARGETS hello
RUNTIME DESTINATION bin
)
讓我們使用 debmake 命令打包。
$ cd /path/to/debhello-1.7 $ debmake -x1 I: set parameters ... I: sanity check of parameters I: pkg="debhello", ver="1.7", rev="1" I: *** start packaging in "debhello-1.7". *** I: provide debhello_1.7.orig.tar.?z for non-native Debian package I: pwd = "/path/to" I: $ ln -sf debhello-1.7.tar.gz debhello_1.7.orig.tar.gz I: pwd = "/path/to/debhello-1.7" I: parse binary package settings: I: binary package=debhello Type=bin / Arch=any M-A=foreign I: analyze the source tree I: build_type = Cmake I: scan source for copyright+license text and file extensions I: 33 %, ext = text ...
結果與 “節 14.8, “Makefile.in + configure（單個二進位制套件）”” 中的類似，但是並不完全一致。
讓我們來檢查一下自動產生的模板檔案。
debian/rules（模板檔案，v=1.7）：.
$ cd /path/to/debhello-1.7
$ cat debian/rules
#!/usr/bin/make -f
# You must remove unused comment lines for the released package.
#export DH_VERBOSE = 1
#export DEB_BUILD_MAINT_OPTIONS = hardening=+all
#export DEB_CFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wall -pedantic
#export DEB_LDFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wl,-O1
%:
dh $@
#override_dh_auto_configure:
# dh_auto_configure -- \
# -DCMAKE_LIBRARY_ARCHITECTURE="$(DEB_TARGET_MULTIARCH)"
debian/control（模板檔案，v=1.7）：.
$ cat debian/control
Source: debhello
Section: unknown
Priority: optional
Maintainer: "Osamu Aoki" <osamu@debian.org>
Build-Depends:
cmake,
debhelper-compat (= 13),
Standards-Version: 4.7.0
Homepage: <insert the upstream URL, if relevant>
Rules-Requires-Root: no
#Vcs-Git: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debhello.git
#Vcs-Browser: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debhello
Package: debhello
Architecture: any
Multi-Arch: foreign
Depends:
${misc:Depends},
${shlibs:Depends},
Description: auto-generated package by debmake
This Debian binary package was auto-generated by the
debmake(1) command provided by the debmake package.
作為維護者，我們要把這個 Debian 套件做得更好。
debian/rules（維護者版本，v=1.7）：.
$ cd /path/to/debhello-1.7
$ vim debian/rules
... hack, hack, hack, ...
$ cat debian/rules
#!/usr/bin/make -f
export DH_VERBOSE = 1
export DEB_BUILD_MAINT_OPTIONS = hardening=+all
export DEB_CFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wall -pedantic
export DEB_LDFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wl,--as-needed
%:
dh $@
override_dh_auto_configure:
dh_auto_configure -- -DWITH-MATH=1
debian/control（維護者版本，v=1.7）：.
$ vim debian/control
... hack, hack, hack, ...
$ cat debian/control
Source: debhello
Section: devel
Priority: optional
Maintainer: Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org>
Build-Depends:
cmake,
debhelper-compat (= 13),
Standards-Version: 4.6.2
Homepage: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake-doc
Rules-Requires-Root: no
Package: debhello
Architecture: any
Multi-Arch: foreign
Depends:
${misc:Depends},
${shlibs:Depends},
Description: Simple packaging example for debmake
This Debian binary package is an example package.
(This is an example only)
在 debian/ 目錄下還有一些其它的模板文件。它們也需要進行更新。
其餘的打包工作與 “節 14.8, “Makefile.in + configure（單個二進位制套件）”” 中的近乎一致。
Here is an example of creating a set of Debian binary packages including the executable package, the shared library package, the development file package, and the debug symbol package from a simple C source program using Autotools (Autoconf and Automake, which use Makefile.am and configure.ac as their input files) as its build system.
Let’s package this in a similar way to “節 14.9, “Autotools（單個二進位制檔案）””.
讓我們假設上游原始碼套件為 debhello-2.0.tar.gz。
此型別的原始碼旨在作為非系統檔案安裝，例如：
$ tar -xzmf debhello-2.0.tar.gz $ cd debhello-2.0 $ autoreconf -ivf # optional $ ./configure --with-math $ make $ make install
讓我們取得原始碼並製作 Debian 套件。
下載 debhello-2.0.tar.gz.
$ wget http://www.example.org/download/debhello-2.0.tar.gz ... $ tar -xzmf debhello-2.0.tar.gz $ tree . ├── debhello-2.0 │ ├── LICENSE │ ├── Makefile.am │ ├── README.md │ ├── configure.ac │ ├── data │ │ ├── hello.desktop │ │ └── hello.png │ ├── lib │ │ ├── Makefile.am │ │ ├── sharedlib.c │ │ └── sharedlib.h │ ├── man │ │ ├── Makefile.am │ │ └── hello.1 │ └── src │ ├── Makefile.am │ └── hello.c └── debhello-2.0.tar.gz 6 directories, 14 files
此處的原始碼如下所示。
src/hello.c（v=2.0）：.
$ cat debhello-2.0/src/hello.c
#include "config.h"
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sharedlib.h>
int
main()
{
printf("Hello, I am " PACKAGE_AUTHOR "!\n");
sharedlib();
return 0;
}
lib/sharedlib.h 與 lib/sharedlib.c（v=1.6）：.
$ cat debhello-2.0/lib/sharedlib.h
int sharedlib();
$ cat debhello-2.0/lib/sharedlib.c
#include <stdio.h>
int
sharedlib()
{
printf("This is a shared library!\n");
return 0;
}
Makefile.am（v=2.0）：.
$ cat debhello-2.0/Makefile.am # recursively process `Makefile.am` in SUBDIRS SUBDIRS = lib src man $ cat debhello-2.0/man/Makefile.am # manpages (distributed in the source package) dist_man_MANS = hello.1 $ cat debhello-2.0/lib/Makefile.am # libtool librares to be produced lib_LTLIBRARIES = libsharedlib.la # source files used for lib_LTLIBRARIES libsharedlib_la_SOURCES = sharedlib.c # C pre-processor flags used for lib_LTLIBRARIES #libsharedlib_la_CPPFLAGS = # Headers files to be installed in <prefix>/include include_HEADERS = sharedlib.h # Versioning Libtool Libraries with version triplets libsharedlib_la_LDFLAGS = -version-info 1:0:0 $ cat debhello-2.0/src/Makefile.am # program executables to be produced bin_PROGRAMS = hello # source files used for bin_PROGRAMS hello_SOURCES = hello.c # C pre-processor flags used for bin_PROGRAMS AM_CPPFLAGS = -I$(srcdir) -I$(top_srcdir)/lib # Extra options for the linker for hello # hello_LDFLAGS = # Libraries the `hello` binary to be linked hello_LDADD = $(top_srcdir)/lib/libsharedlib.la
configure.ac（v=2.0）：.
$ cat debhello-2.0/configure.ac
# -*- Autoconf -*-
# Process this file with autoconf to produce a configure script.
AC_PREREQ([2.69])
AC_INIT([debhello],[2.2],[foo@example.org])
AC_CONFIG_SRCDIR([src/hello.c])
AC_CONFIG_HEADERS([config.h])
echo "Standard customization chores"
AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR([build-aux])
AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE([foreign])
# Set default to --enable-shared --disable-static
LT_INIT([shared disable-static])
# find the libltdl sources in the libltdl sub-directory
LT_CONFIG_LTDL_DIR([libltdl])
# choose one
LTDL_INIT([recursive])
#LTDL_INIT([subproject])
#LTDL_INIT([nonrecursive])
# Add #define PACKAGE_AUTHOR ... in config.h with a comment
AC_DEFINE(PACKAGE_AUTHOR, ["Osamu Aoki"], [Define PACKAGE_AUTHOR])
# Checks for programs.
AC_PROG_CC
# only for the recursive case
AC_CONFIG_FILES([Makefile
lib/Makefile
man/Makefile
src/Makefile])
AC_OUTPUT
Let’s use the debmake command to package this into multiple packages:
Here, we use the -b'libsharedlib1,libsharedlib-dev' option to specify the additional binary packages to be generated.
$ cd /path/to/debhello-2.0 $ debmake -b',libsharedlib1,libsharedlib-dev' -x1 I: set parameters ... I: sanity check of parameters I: pkg="debhello", ver="2.0", rev="1" I: *** start packaging in "debhello-2.0". *** I: provide debhello_2.0.orig.tar.?z for non-native Debian package I: pwd = "/path/to" I: $ ln -sf debhello-2.0.tar.gz debhello_2.0.orig.tar.gz I: pwd = "/path/to/debhello-2.0" I: parse binary package settings: ,libsharedlib1,libsharedlib-dev I: binary package=debhello Type=bin / Arch=any M-A=foreign I: binary package=libsharedlib1 Type=lib / Arch=any M-A=same I: binary package=libsharedlib-dev Type=dev / Arch=any M-A=same I: analyze the source tree I: build_type = Autotools with autoreconf ...
結果與 “節 14.8, “Makefile.in + configure（單個二進位制套件）”” 中的相似，但是這個具有更多的模板檔案。
讓我們來檢查一下自動產生的模板檔案。
debian/rules（模板檔案，v=2.0）：.
$ cd /path/to/debhello-2.0
$ cat debian/rules
#!/usr/bin/make -f
# You must remove unused comment lines for the released package.
#export DH_VERBOSE = 1
#export DEB_BUILD_MAINT_OPTIONS = hardening=+all
#export DEB_CFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wall -pedantic
#export DEB_LDFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wl,-O1
%:
dh $@ --with autoreconf
#override_dh_install:
# dh_install --list-missing -X.la -X.pyc -X.pyo
作為維護者，我們要把這個 Debian 套件做得更好。
debian/rules（維護者版本，v=2.0）：.
$ cd /path/to/debhello-2.0
$ vim debian/rules
... hack, hack, hack, ...
$ cat debian/rules
#!/usr/bin/make -f
export DH_VERBOSE = 1
export DEB_BUILD_MAINT_OPTIONS = hardening=+all
export DEB_CFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wall -pedantic
export DEB_LDFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wl,--as-needed
%:
dh $@ --with autoreconf
override_dh_missing:
dh_missing -X.la
debian/control（維護者版本，v=2.0）：.
$ vim debian/control
... hack, hack, hack, ...
$ cat debian/control
Source: debhello
Section: devel
Priority: optional
Maintainer: Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org>
Build-Depends:
debhelper-compat (= 13),
dh-autoreconf,
Standards-Version: 4.6.2
Homepage: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake-doc
Rules-Requires-Root: no
Package: debhello
Architecture: any
Multi-Arch: foreign
Depends:
libsharedlib1 (= ${binary:Version}),
${misc:Depends},
${shlibs:Depends},
Description: Simple packaging example for debmake
This package contains the compiled binary executable.
.
This Debian binary package is an example package.
(This is an example only)
Package: libsharedlib1
Section: libs
Architecture: any
Multi-Arch: same
Pre-Depends:
${misc:Pre-Depends},
Depends:
${misc:Depends},
${shlibs:Depends},
Description: Simple packaging example for debmake
This package contains the shared library.
Package: libsharedlib-dev
Section: libdevel
Architecture: any
Multi-Arch: same
Depends:
libsharedlib1 (= ${binary:Version}),
${misc:Depends},
Description: Simple packaging example for debmake
This package contains the development files.
debian/*.install（維護者版本，v=2.0）：.
$ vim debian/copyright ... hack, hack, hack, ... $ cat debian/copyright Format: https://www.debian.org/doc/packaging-manuals/copyright-format/1.0/ Upstream-Name: debhello Upstream-Contact: Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org> Source: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake-doc Files: * Copyright: 2015-2021 Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org> License: Expat Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: . The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. . THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
因為上游原始碼已經具有正確的自動生成的 Makefile 檔案，所以沒有必要再去建立 debian/install 和 debian/manpages 文件。
在 debian/ 目錄下還有一些其它的模板文件。它們也需要進行更新。
debian/ 目錄下的模板檔案。（v=2.0）：.
$ rm -f debian/clean debian/dirs debian/install debian/links $ rm -f debian/README.source debian/source/*.ex $ rm -rf debian/patches $ tree -F debian debian/ ├── README.Debian ├── changelog ├── control ├── copyright ├── debhello.dirs ├── debhello.doc-base ├── debhello.docs ├── debhello.examples ├── debhello.info ├── debhello.install ├── debhello.links ├── debhello.manpages ├── gbp.conf ├── libsharedlib-dev.install ├── libsharedlib1.install ├── libsharedlib1.symbols ├── rules* ├── salsa-ci.yml ├── source/ │ └── format ├── tests/ │ └── control ├── upstream/ │ └── metadata └── watch 4 directories, 22 files
其餘的打包工作與 “節 14.8, “Makefile.in + configure（單個二進位制套件）”” 中的近乎一致。
此處是生成的二進位制包的依賴項列表。
生成的二進位制包的依賴項列表（v=2.0）：.
$ dpkg -f debhello-dbgsym_2.0-1_amd64.deb pre-depends \
depends recommends conflicts breaks
Depends: debhello (= 2.0-1)
$ dpkg -f debhello_2.0-1_amd64.deb pre-depends \
depends recommends conflicts breaks
Depends: libsharedlib1 (= 2.0-1), libc6 (>= 2.34)
$ dpkg -f libsharedlib-dev_2.0-1_amd64.deb pre-depends \
depends recommends conflicts breaks
Depends: libsharedlib1 (= 2.0-1)
$ dpkg -f libsharedlib1-dbgsym_2.0-1_amd64.deb pre-depends \
depends recommends conflicts breaks
Depends: libsharedlib1 (= 2.0-1)
$ dpkg -f libsharedlib1_2.0-1_amd64.deb pre-depends \
depends recommends conflicts breaks
Depends: libc6 (>= 2.2.5)
This example demonstrates creating a set of Debian binary packages including the executable package, the shared library package, the development file package, and the debug symbol package from a simple C source program using CMake (CMakeLists.txt and files such as config.h.in) as its build system.
讓我們假設上游原始碼套件為 debhello-2.1.tar.gz。
此型別的原始碼旨在作為非系統檔案安裝，例如：
$ tar -xzmf debhello-2.1.tar.gz $ cd debhello-2.1 $ mkdir obj-x86_64-linux-gnu $ cd obj-x86_64-linux-gnu $ cmake .. $ make $ make install
讓我們取得原始碼並製作 Debian 套件。
下載 debhello-2.1.tar.gz.
$ wget http://www.example.org/download/debhello-2.1.tar.gz ... $ tar -xzmf debhello-2.1.tar.gz $ tree . ├── debhello-2.1 │ ├── CMakeLists.txt │ ├── LICENSE │ ├── README.md │ ├── data │ │ ├── hello.desktop │ │ └── hello.png │ ├── lib │ │ ├── CMakeLists.txt │ │ ├── sharedlib.c │ │ └── sharedlib.h │ ├── man │ │ ├── CMakeLists.txt │ │ └── hello.1 │ └── src │ ├── CMakeLists.txt │ ├── config.h.in │ └── hello.c └── debhello-2.1.tar.gz 6 directories, 14 files
此處的原始碼如下所示。
src/hello.c（v=2.1）：.
$ cat debhello-2.1/src/hello.c
#include "config.h"
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sharedlib.h>
int
main()
{
printf("Hello, I am " PACKAGE_AUTHOR "!\n");
sharedlib();
return 0;
}
src/config.h.in（v=2.1）：.
$ cat debhello-2.1/src/config.h.in /* name of the package author */ #define PACKAGE_AUTHOR "@PACKAGE_AUTHOR@"
lib/sharedlib.c 與 lib/sharedlib.h（v=2.1）：.
$ cat debhello-2.1/lib/sharedlib.h
int sharedlib();
$ cat debhello-2.1/lib/sharedlib.c
#include <stdio.h>
int
sharedlib()
{
printf("This is a shared library!\n");
return 0;
}
CMakeLists.txt（v=2.1）：.
$ cat debhello-2.1/CMakeLists.txt
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 2.8)
project(debhello)
set(PACKAGE_AUTHOR "Osamu Aoki")
add_subdirectory(lib)
add_subdirectory(src)
add_subdirectory(man)
$ cat debhello-2.1/man/CMakeLists.txt
install(
FILES ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/hello.1
DESTINATION share/man/man1
)
$ cat debhello-2.1/src/CMakeLists.txt
# Always define HAVE_CONFIG_H
add_definitions(-DHAVE_CONFIG_H)
# Generate config.h from config.h.in
configure_file(
"${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/config.h.in"
"${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/config.h"
)
include_directories("${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}")
include_directories("${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/lib")
add_executable(hello hello.c)
target_link_libraries(hello sharedlib)
install(TARGETS hello
RUNTIME DESTINATION bin
)
讓我們使用 debmake 命令打包。
$ cd /path/to/debhello-2.1 $ debmake -b',libsharedlib1,libsharedlib-dev' -x1 I: set parameters ... I: sanity check of parameters I: pkg="debhello", ver="2.1", rev="1" I: *** start packaging in "debhello-2.1". *** I: provide debhello_2.1.orig.tar.?z for non-native Debian package I: pwd = "/path/to" I: $ ln -sf debhello-2.1.tar.gz debhello_2.1.orig.tar.gz I: pwd = "/path/to/debhello-2.1" I: parse binary package settings: ,libsharedlib1,libsharedlib-dev I: binary package=debhello Type=bin / Arch=any M-A=foreign I: binary package=libsharedlib1 Type=lib / Arch=any M-A=same I: binary package=libsharedlib-dev Type=dev / Arch=any M-A=same I: analyze the source tree I: build_type = Cmake ...
結果與 “節 14.8, “Makefile.in + configure（單個二進位制套件）”” 中的類似，但是並不完全一致。
讓我們來檢查一下自動產生的模板檔案。
debian/rules（模板檔案，v=2.1）：.
$ cd /path/to/debhello-2.1
$ cat debian/rules
#!/usr/bin/make -f
# You must remove unused comment lines for the released package.
#export DH_VERBOSE = 1
#export DEB_BUILD_MAINT_OPTIONS = hardening=+all
#export DEB_CFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wall -pedantic
#export DEB_LDFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wl,-O1
%:
dh $@
#override_dh_auto_configure:
# dh_auto_configure -- \
# -DCMAKE_LIBRARY_ARCHITECTURE="$(DEB_TARGET_MULTIARCH)"
作為維護者，我們要把這個 Debian 套件做得更好。
debian/rules（維護者版本，v=2.1）：.
$ cd /path/to/debhello-2.1
$ vim debian/rules
... hack, hack, hack, ...
$ cat debian/rules
#!/usr/bin/make -f
export DH_VERBOSE = 1
export DEB_BUILD_MAINT_OPTIONS = hardening=+all
export DEB_CFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wall -pedantic
export DEB_LDFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wl,--as-needed
DEB_HOST_MULTIARCH ?= $(shell dpkg-architecture -qDEB_HOST_MULTIARCH)
%:
dh $@
override_dh_auto_configure:
dh_auto_configure -- \
-DCMAKE_LIBRARY_ARCHITECTURE="$(DEB_HOST_MULTIARCH)"
debian/control（維護者版本，v=2.1）：.
$ vim debian/control
... hack, hack, hack, ...
$ cat debian/control
Source: debhello
Section: devel
Priority: optional
Maintainer: Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org>
Build-Depends:
cmake,
debhelper-compat (= 13),
Standards-Version: 4.6.2
Homepage: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake-doc
Rules-Requires-Root: no
Package: debhello
Architecture: any
Multi-Arch: foreign
Depends:
libsharedlib1 (= ${binary:Version}),
${misc:Depends},
${shlibs:Depends},
Description: Simple packaging example for debmake
This package contains the compiled binary executable.
.
This Debian binary package is an example package.
(This is an example only)
Package: libsharedlib1
Section: libs
Architecture: any
Multi-Arch: same
Pre-Depends:
${misc:Pre-Depends},
Depends:
${misc:Depends},
${shlibs:Depends},
Description: Simple packaging example for debmake
This package contains the shared library.
Package: libsharedlib-dev
Section: libdevel
Architecture: any
Multi-Arch: same
Depends:
libsharedlib1 (= ${binary:Version}),
${misc:Depends},
Description: Simple packaging example for debmake
This package contains the development files.
debian/*.install（維護者版本，v=2.1）：.
$ vim debian/copyright ... hack, hack, hack, ... $ cat debian/copyright Format: https://www.debian.org/doc/packaging-manuals/copyright-format/1.0/ Upstream-Name: debhello Upstream-Contact: Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org> Source: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake-doc Files: * Copyright: 2015-2021 Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org> License: Expat Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: . The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. . THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
The upstream CMakeLists.txt file needs to be patched to handle the multiarch path correctly.
debian/patches/*（維護者版本，v=2.1）：.
... hack, hack, hack, ... $ cat debian/libsharedlib1.symbols libsharedlib.so.1 libsharedlib1 #MINVER# sharedlib@Base 2.1
因為上游原始碼已經具有正確的自動生成的 Makefile 檔案，所以沒有必要再去建立 debian/install 和 debian/manpages 文件。
在 debian/ 目錄下還有一些其它的模板文件。它們也需要進行更新。
debian/ 目錄下的模板檔案。（v=2.1）：.
$ rm -f debian/clean debian/dirs debian/install debian/links $ rm -f debian/README.source debian/source/*.ex $ tree -F debian debian/ ├── README.Debian ├── changelog ├── control ├── copyright ├── debhello.dirs ├── debhello.doc-base ├── debhello.docs ├── debhello.examples ├── debhello.info ├── debhello.install ├── debhello.links ├── debhello.manpages ├── gbp.conf ├── libsharedlib-dev.install ├── libsharedlib1.install ├── libsharedlib1.symbols ├── patches/ │ ├── 000-cmake-multiarch.patch │ └── series ├── rules* ├── salsa-ci.yml ├── source/ │ └── format ├── tests/ │ └── control ├── upstream/ │ └── metadata └── watch 5 directories, 24 files
其餘的打包工作與 “節 14.8, “Makefile.in + configure（單個二進位制套件）”” 中的近乎一致。
此處是生成的二進位制包的依賴項列表。
生成的二進位制包的依賴項列表（v=2.1）：.
$ dpkg -f debhello-dbgsym_2.1-1_amd64.deb pre-depends \
depends recommends conflicts breaks
Depends: debhello (= 2.1-1)
$ dpkg -f debhello_2.1-1_amd64.deb pre-depends \
depends recommends conflicts breaks
Depends: libsharedlib1 (= 2.1-1), libc6 (>= 2.34)
$ dpkg -f libsharedlib-dev_2.1-1_amd64.deb pre-depends \
depends recommends conflicts breaks
Depends: libsharedlib1 (= 2.1-1)
$ dpkg -f libsharedlib1-dbgsym_2.1-1_amd64.deb pre-depends \
depends recommends conflicts breaks
Depends: libsharedlib1 (= 2.1-1)
$ dpkg -f libsharedlib1_2.1-1_amd64.deb pre-depends \
depends recommends conflicts breaks
Depends: libc6 (>= 2.2.5)
此處是更新 “節 14.11, “Autotools（多個二進位制套件）”” 中提供的簡單上游 C 語言原始碼 debhello-2.0.tar.gz 以便進行國際化（i18n）並建立更新後的上游 C 語言原始碼 debhello-2.0.tar.gz 的範例。
在實際情況中，此套件應該已被國際化過。所以此範例用作幫助您瞭解國際化的具體實現方法。
| 提示 |
|---|---|
|
負責維護國際化的維護者的日常活動就是將通過缺陷追蹤系統（BTS）反饋給您的 po 翻譯檔案新增至 po/ 目錄，然後更新 po/LINGUAS 檔案的語言列表。 |
讓我們取得原始碼並製作 Debian 套件。
下載 debhello-2.0.tar.gz（國際化版）.
$ wget http://www.example.org/download/debhello-2.0.tar.gz ... $ tar -xzmf debhello-2.0.tar.gz $ tree . ├── debhello-2.0 │ ├── LICENSE │ ├── Makefile.am │ ├── README.md │ ├── configure.ac │ ├── data │ │ ├── hello.desktop │ │ └── hello.png │ ├── lib │ │ ├── Makefile.am │ │ ├── sharedlib.c │ │ └── sharedlib.h │ ├── man │ │ ├── Makefile.am │ │ └── hello.1 │ └── src │ ├── Makefile.am │ └── hello.c └── debhello-2.0.tar.gz 6 directories, 14 files
使用 gettextize 命令將此原始碼樹國際化，並刪除由 Autotools 自動生成的檔案。
執行 gettextize（國際化版）：.
$ cd /path/to/debhello-2.0 $ gettextize Creating po/ subdirectory Creating build-aux/ subdirectory Copying file ABOUT-NLS Copying file build-aux/config.rpath Not copying intl/ directory. Copying file po/Makefile.in.in Copying file po/Makevars.template Copying file po/Rules-quot Copying file po/boldquot.sed Copying file po/en@boldquot.header Copying file po/en@quot.header Copying file po/insert-header.sin Copying file po/quot.sed Copying file po/remove-potcdate.sin Creating initial po/POTFILES.in Creating po/ChangeLog Creating directory m4 Copying file m4/gettext.m4 Copying file m4/iconv.m4 Copying file m4/lib-ld.m4 Copying file m4/lib-link.m4 Copying file m4/lib-prefix.m4 Copying file m4/nls.m4 Copying file m4/po.m4 Copying file m4/progtest.m4 Creating m4/ChangeLog Updating Makefile.am (backup is in Makefile.am~) Updating configure.ac (backup is in configure.ac~) Creating ChangeLog Please use AM_GNU_GETTEXT([external]) in order to cause autoconfiguration to look for an external libintl. Please create po/Makevars from the template in po/Makevars.template. You can then remove po/Makevars.template. Please fill po/POTFILES.in as described in the documentation. Please run 'aclocal' to regenerate the aclocal.m4 file. You need aclocal from GNU automake 1.9 (or newer) to do this. Then run 'autoconf' to regenerate the configure file. You will also need config.guess and config.sub, which you can get from the CV... of the 'config' project at http://savannah.gnu.org/. The commands to fetch th... are $ wget 'http://savannah.gnu.org/cgi-bin/viewcvs/*checkout*/config/config/conf... $ wget 'http://savannah.gnu.org/cgi-bin/viewcvs/*checkout*/config/config/conf... You might also want to copy the convenience header file gettext.h from the /usr/share/gettext directory into your package. It is a wrapper around <libintl.h> that implements the configure --disable-nl... option. Press Return to acknowledge the previous 6 paragraphs. $ rm -rf m4 build-aux *~
讓我們確認一下 po/ 目錄下生成的檔案。
po 目錄下的檔案（國際化版）：.
$ ls -l po total 60 -rw-rw-r-- 1 osamu osamu 494 Nov 29 07:59 ChangeLog -rw-rw-r-- 1 osamu osamu 17577 Nov 29 07:59 Makefile.in.in -rw-rw-r-- 1 osamu osamu 3376 Nov 29 07:59 Makevars.template -rw-rw-r-- 1 osamu osamu 59 Nov 29 07:59 POTFILES.in -rw-rw-r-- 1 osamu osamu 2203 Nov 29 07:59 Rules-quot -rw-rw-r-- 1 osamu osamu 217 Nov 29 07:59 boldquot.sed -rw-rw-r-- 1 osamu osamu 1337 Nov 29 07:59 en@boldquot.header -rw-rw-r-- 1 osamu osamu 1203 Nov 29 07:59 en@quot.header -rw-rw-r-- 1 osamu osamu 672 Nov 29 07:59 insert-header.sin -rw-rw-r-- 1 osamu osamu 153 Nov 29 07:59 quot.sed -rw-rw-r-- 1 osamu osamu 432 Nov 29 07:59 remove-potcdate.sin
Let’s update the configure.ac by adding “AM_GNU_GETTEXT([external])”, etc..
configure.ac（國際化版）：.
$ vim configure.ac
... hack, hack, hack, ...
$ cat configure.ac
# -*- Autoconf -*-
# Process this file with autoconf to produce a configure script.
AC_PREREQ([2.69])
AC_INIT([debhello],[2.2],[foo@example.org])
AC_CONFIG_SRCDIR([src/hello.c])
AC_CONFIG_HEADERS([config.h])
echo "Standard customization chores"
AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR([build-aux])
AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE([foreign])
# Set default to --enable-shared --disable-static
LT_INIT([shared disable-static])
# find the libltdl sources in the libltdl sub-directory
LT_CONFIG_LTDL_DIR([libltdl])
# choose one
LTDL_INIT([recursive])
#LTDL_INIT([subproject])
#LTDL_INIT([nonrecursive])
# Add #define PACKAGE_AUTHOR ... in config.h with a comment
AC_DEFINE(PACKAGE_AUTHOR, ["Osamu Aoki"], [Define PACKAGE_AUTHOR])
# Checks for programs.
AC_PROG_CC
# desktop file support required
AM_GNU_GETTEXT_VERSION([0.19.3])
AM_GNU_GETTEXT([external])
# only for the recursive case
AC_CONFIG_FILES([Makefile
po/Makefile.in
lib/Makefile
man/Makefile
src/Makefile])
AC_OUTPUT
讓我們從 po/Makevars.template 檔案中創建 po/Makevars 檔案。
po/Makevars（國際化版）：.
... hack, hack, hack, ... $ diff -u po/Makevars.template po/Makevars --- po/Makevars.template 2024-11-29 07:59:15.133577084 +0000 +++ po/Makevars 2024-11-29 07:59:15.209578283 +0000 @@ -18,14 +18,14 @@ # or entity, or to disclaim their copyright. The empty string stands for # the public domain; in this case the translators are expected to disclaim # their copyright. -COPYRIGHT_HOLDER = Free Software Foundation, Inc. +COPYRIGHT_HOLDER = Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org> # This tells whether or not to prepend "GNU " prefix to the package # name that gets inserted into the header of the $(DOMAIN).pot file. # Possible values are "yes", "no", or empty. If it is empty, try to # detect it automatically by scanning the files in $(top_srcdir) for # "GNU packagename" string. -PACKAGE_GNU = +PACKAGE_GNU = no # This is the email address or URL to which the translators shall report # bugs in the untranslated strings: $ rm po/Makevars.template
Let’s update C sources for the i18n version by wrapping strings with _(…).
src/hello.c （國際化版）：.
... hack, hack, hack, ...
$ cat src/hello.c
#include "config.h"
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sharedlib.h>
#include <libintl.h>
#define _(string) gettext (string)
int
main()
{
printf(_("Hello, I am " PACKAGE_AUTHOR "!\n"));
sharedlib();
return 0;
}
lib/sharedlib.c（國際化版）：.
... hack, hack, hack, ...
$ cat lib/sharedlib.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <libintl.h>
#define _(string) gettext (string)
int
sharedlib()
{
printf(_("This is a shared library!\n"));
return 0;
}
新版本的 gettext（v = 0.19）可以直接處理桌面檔案的國際化版本。
data/hello.desktop.in（國際化版）：.
$ fgrep -v '[ja]=' data/hello.desktop > data/hello.desktop.in $ rm data/hello.desktop $ cat data/hello.desktop.in [Desktop Entry] Name=Hello Comment=Greetings Type=Application Keywords=hello Exec=hello Terminal=true Icon=hello.png Categories=Utility;
讓我們列出輸入檔案，以便在 po/POTFILES.in 中提取可翻譯的字串。
po/POTFILES.in（國際化版）：.
... hack, hack, hack, ... $ cat po/POTFILES.in src/hello.c lib/sharedlib.c data/hello.desktop.in
此處是在 SUBDIRS 環境變數中新增 po 目錄後更新過的根 Makefile.am 檔案。
Makefile.am （國際化版）：.
$ cat Makefile.am # recursively process `Makefile.am` in SUBDIRS SUBDIRS = po lib src man ACLOCAL_AMFLAGS = -I m4 EXTRA_DIST = build-aux/config.rpath m4/ChangeLog
讓我們建立一個翻譯模板檔案 debhello.pot。
po/debhello.pot（國際化版）：.
$ xgettext -f po/POTFILES.in -d debhello -o po/debhello.pot -k_ Warning: program compiled against libxml 212 using older 209 $ cat po/debhello.pot # SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE. # Copyright (C) YEAR THE PACKAGE'S COPYRIGHT HOLDER # This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package. # FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR. # #, fuzzy msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" "Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2024-11-29 07:59+0000\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n" "Language: \n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=CHARSET\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" #: src/hello.c:9 #, c-format msgid "Hello, I am " msgstr "" #: lib/sharedlib.c:7 #, c-format msgid "This is a shared library!\n" msgstr "" #: data/hello.desktop.in:3 msgid "Hello" msgstr "" #: data/hello.desktop.in:4 msgid "Greetings" msgstr "" #: data/hello.desktop.in:6 msgid "hello" msgstr ""
讓我們新增法語的翻譯。
po/LINGUAS 與 po/fr.po（國際化版）：.
$ echo 'fr' > po/LINGUAS $ cp po/debhello.pot po/fr.po $ vim po/fr.po ... hack, hack, hack, ... $ cat po/fr.po # SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE. # This file is put in the public domain. # FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR. # msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: debhello 2.2\n" "Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: foo@example.org\n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2015-03-01 20:22+0900\n" "PO-Revision-Date: 2015-02-21 23:18+0900\n" "Last-Translator: Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org>\n" "Language-Team: French <LL@li.org>\n" "Language: ja\n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" #: src/hello.c:34 #, c-format msgid "Hello, my name is %s!\n" msgstr "Bonjour, je m'appelle %s!\n" #: lib/sharedlib.c:29 #, c-format msgid "This is a shared library!\n" msgstr "Ceci est une bibliothèque partagée!\n" #: data/hello.desktop.in:3 msgid "Hello" msgstr "" #: data/hello.desktop.in:4 msgid "Greetings" msgstr "Salutations" #: data/hello.desktop.in:6 msgid "hello" msgstr "" #: data/hello.desktop.in:9 msgid "hello.png" msgstr ""
打包工作與 “節 14.11, “Autotools（多個二進位制套件）”” 中的近乎一致。
You can find more i18n examples by following “節 14.14, “細節””.
You can obtain detailed information about the examples presented and their variants as follows:
如何取得細節.
$ apt-get source debmake-doc $ cd debmake-doc* $ cd examples $ view examples/README.md
Follow the exact instruction in examples/README.md.
$ cd examples $ make
Now, each directory named as examples/debhello-?.?_build-? contains the Debian packaging example.
Notable examples include:
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| 章 13. Tool usages |
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章 15. debmake(1) 手冊頁 |