本附录使用的配置片段还放在预置例子文件 https://www.debian.org/releases/bookworm/example-preseed.txt 里面。
请注意,这里的例子是基于 Intel x86 架构的安装过程。如果您安装到其他架构,其中的一些例子(像键盘选择和 bootloader 安装)可能不恰当,需要用适合您架构的 debconf 设置替换。
有关不同 Debian 安装程序模块的工作细节,请参阅 第 6.3 节 “使用单独的组件”。
在一般的安装中,首先询问地区信息,所以这些值只通过 initrd 或内核引导参数方法来预置。自动模式(第 B.2.3 节 “auto 模式”) 包括 auto-install/enable=true
的设置(通常通过auto
预置别名)。这延迟询问地区问题,使它们可以被任何方法预置。
locale 用于指定语言和国家或者任何 debian-installer
支持的语言与地区的组合。如果组合起来的不是有效的 locale,安装程序会自动选择一个指定语言可用的 locale。要在引导参数上指定本地,比如使用 locale=
。 en_US
虽然这个方法很容易使用,但它无法预置所有的语言、国家和地方组合[19]。因此另一种方法是单独预置各值。语言和国家可以在引导参数里面指定。
# Preseeding only locale sets language, country and locale. d-i debian-installer/locale string en_US # The values can also be preseeded individually for greater flexibility. #d-i debian-installer/language string en #d-i debian-installer/country string NL #d-i debian-installer/locale string en_GB.UTF-8 # Optionally specify additional locales to be generated. #d-i localechooser/supported-locales multiselect en_US.UTF-8, nl_NL.UTF-8
键盘配置包括选择的 keymap 和(对于非拉丁 keymap)切换键,该键用于非拉丁和 US keymap 来回切换。安装的时候只有几种基本的 keymap 可用。高级的要在安装好的系统下才能使用,使用 dpkg-reconfigure keyboard-configuration 配置。
# Keyboard selection. d-i keyboard-configuration/xkb-keymap select us # d-i keyboard-configuration/toggle select No toggling
要跳过键盘配置,可通过 skip-config
来预置 keymap
。这将导致内核 keymap 保持活动。
显而易见,预置网络设置对于从网络加载预置文件无效。但对从光盘和 U 盘引导很有帮助。如果您计划从网络加载预置文件,应该使用传递网络设置给内核引导参数的方式。
如果您需要网络引导从网络加载预置文件前指定网卡,请用这种引导参数 interface=
。 eth1
虽然使用网络预置(用 “preseed/url”)通常并不能配置网络,但是您可以使用下面的技巧实现。例如,为网卡设置静态地址。它使加载了预置文件以后网络预置再运行一次,这需要将下面的命令包含在 “preseed/run” 脚本里面:
kill-all-dhcp; netcfg
下面的 debconf 变量与网络配置相关。
# Disable network configuration entirely. This is useful for cdrom # installations on non-networked devices where the network questions, # warning and long timeouts are a nuisance. #d-i netcfg/enable boolean false # netcfg will choose an interface that has link if possible. This makes it # skip displaying a list if there is more than one interface. d-i netcfg/choose_interface select auto # To pick a particular interface instead: #d-i netcfg/choose_interface select eth1 # To set a different link detection timeout (default is 3 seconds). # Values are interpreted as seconds. #d-i netcfg/link_wait_timeout string 10 # If you have a slow dhcp server and the installer times out waiting for # it, this might be useful. #d-i netcfg/dhcp_timeout string 60 #d-i netcfg/dhcpv6_timeout string 60 # Automatic network configuration is the default. # If you prefer to configure the network manually, uncomment this line and # the static network configuration below. #d-i netcfg/disable_autoconfig boolean true # If you want the preconfiguration file to work on systems both with and # without a dhcp server, uncomment these lines and the static network # configuration below. #d-i netcfg/dhcp_failed note #d-i netcfg/dhcp_options select Configure network manually # Static network configuration. # # IPv4 example #d-i netcfg/get_ipaddress string 192.168.1.42 #d-i netcfg/get_netmask string 255.255.255.0 #d-i netcfg/get_gateway string 192.168.1.1 #d-i netcfg/get_nameservers string 192.168.1.1 #d-i netcfg/confirm_static boolean true # # IPv6 example #d-i netcfg/get_ipaddress string fc00::2 #d-i netcfg/get_netmask string ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:: #d-i netcfg/get_gateway string fc00::1 #d-i netcfg/get_nameservers string fc00::1 #d-i netcfg/confirm_static boolean true # Any hostname and domain names assigned from dhcp take precedence over # values set here. However, setting the values still prevents the questions # from being shown, even if values come from dhcp. d-i netcfg/get_hostname string unassigned-hostname d-i netcfg/get_domain string unassigned-domain # If you want to force a hostname, regardless of what either the DHCP # server returns or what the reverse DNS entry for the IP is, uncomment # and adjust the following line. #d-i netcfg/hostname string somehost # Disable that annoying WEP key dialog. d-i netcfg/wireless_wep string # The wacky dhcp hostname that some ISPs use as a password of sorts. #d-i netcfg/dhcp_hostname string radish # If you want to completely disable firmware lookup (i.e. not use firmware # files or packages that might be available on installation images): #d-i hw-detect/firmware-lookup string never # If non-free firmware is needed for the network or other hardware, you can # configure the installer to always try to load it, without prompting. Or # change to false to disable asking. #d-i hw-detect/load_firmware boolean true
请注意,如果 netcfg/get_netmask
没有预置,那么 netcfg 将自动侦测掩码。在这种情况下,变量必须标记为 seen
来自动安装。类似地,如果没有设置 netcfg/get_gateway
,那么 netcfg 将选择一个合适的地址。特殊情况下,可以将 netcfg/get_gateway
设置为 “none”,来指定不使用网关。
# Use the following settings if you wish to make use of the network-console # component for remote installation over SSH. This only makes sense if you # intend to perform the remainder of the installation manually. #d-i anna/choose_modules string network-console #d-i network-console/authorized_keys_url string http://10.0.0.1/openssh-key #d-i network-console/password password r00tme #d-i network-console/password-again password r00tme
关于网络控制台的更多信息,请参阅 第 6.3.10 节 “通过网络控制台(network-console)安装”。
根据您使用的安装方式,镜像可用于下载安装程序的额外组件、安装基本系统以及为所安装的系统建立 /etc/apt/sources.list
。
参数 mirror/suite
决定了安装好的系统使用的套件。
参数 mirror/udeb/suite
决定安装程序使用的额外组件的套件。它只在组件通过网络下载并与安装时使用的 initrd 建立套件相匹配时才有效。通常安装程序会自动安装并使用正确的值而毋需手动设置。
# Mirror protocol: # If you select ftp, the mirror/country string does not need to be set. # Default value for the mirror protocol: http. #d-i mirror/protocol string ftp d-i mirror/country string manual d-i mirror/http/hostname string http.us.debian.org d-i mirror/http/directory string /debian d-i mirror/http/proxy string # Suite to install. #d-i mirror/suite string testing # Suite to use for loading installer components (optional). #d-i mirror/udeb/suite string testing
root 帐号的密码和第一个普通用户的名字和密码都可以预置。您可以给密码使用纯文本或 crypt(3) 哈希 值。
警告 | |
---|---|
要知道预置密码并不安全,每个可以访问预置文件的用户都可以看到这些密码。存储哈希密码被认为是安全的,除非使用了可以被暴力破解的弱哈希算法,如 DES 或 MD5。推荐的密码哈希算法为 SHA-256 和 SHA512。 |
# Skip creation of a root account (normal user account will be able to # use sudo). #d-i passwd/root-login boolean false # Alternatively, to skip creation of a normal user account. #d-i passwd/make-user boolean false # Root password, either in clear text #d-i passwd/root-password password r00tme #d-i passwd/root-password-again password r00tme # or encrypted using a crypt(3) hash. #d-i passwd/root-password-crypted password [crypt(3) hash] # To create a normal user account. #d-i passwd/user-fullname string Debian User #d-i passwd/username string debian # Normal user's password, either in clear text #d-i passwd/user-password password insecure #d-i passwd/user-password-again password insecure # or encrypted using a crypt(3) hash. #d-i passwd/user-password-crypted password [crypt(3) hash] # Create the first user with the specified UID instead of the default. #d-i passwd/user-uid string 1010 # The user account will be added to some standard initial groups. To # override that, use this. #d-i passwd/user-default-groups string audio cdrom video
passwd/root-password-crypted
和 passwd/user-password-crypted
变量也可以使用 “!” 作为它们的预置值。在这种情况下,相应的帐号关闭。这对于 root 帐号会比较方便,提供了替代方法来设置允许管理活动或 root 登录(例如通过使用 SSH 密钥认证或 sudo)。
下面的命令(从 whois
软件包中获得)可用于生成密码的基于crypt(3)的 SHA-512 值:
mkpasswd -m sha-512
# Controls whether or not the hardware clock is set to UTC. d-i clock-setup/utc boolean true # You may set this to any valid setting for $TZ; see the contents of # /usr/share/zoneinfo/ for valid values. d-i time/zone string US/Eastern # Controls whether to use NTP to set the clock during the install d-i clock-setup/ntp boolean true # NTP server to use. The default is almost always fine here. #d-i clock-setup/ntp-server string ntp.example.com
使用预置进行硬盘分区受限于 partman-auto
提供的支持。您可以选择使用磁盘上已有的空闲分区或者整个磁盘。磁盘的布局将取决于所使用的预定义方案,用户自定义的方案文件或预置文件包含的方案。
已经支持包括 RAID、LVM 和加密高级分区设置的预置,但对于非预置安装的分区仍然弹性不足。
下面的例子仅提供了使用方案的最基本信息。详细的内容清参考文件 partman-auto-recipe.txt
和 partman-auto-raid-recipe.txt
,它们含在 debian-installer
软件包里。这两个文件也可以从 debian-installer
source repository获取。注意不同发布版支持的功能会有所改变。
警告 | |
---|---|
磁盘的标识基于对应驱动加载的次序。如果系统里面有多个磁盘,要确定预置使用了正确的那一个。 |
# If the system has free space you can choose to only partition that space. # This is only honoured if partman-auto/method (below) is not set. #d-i partman-auto/init_automatically_partition select biggest_free # Alternatively, you may specify a disk to partition. If the system has only # one disk the installer will default to using that, but otherwise the device # name must be given in traditional, non-devfs format (so e.g. /dev/sda # and not e.g. /dev/discs/disc0/disc). # For example, to use the first SCSI/SATA hard disk: #d-i partman-auto/disk string /dev/sda # In addition, you'll need to specify the method to use. # The presently available methods are: # - regular: use the usual partition types for your architecture # - lvm: use LVM to partition the disk # - crypto: use LVM within an encrypted partition d-i partman-auto/method string lvm # You can define the amount of space that will be used for the LVM volume # group. It can either be a size with its unit (eg. 20 GB), a percentage of # free space or the 'max' keyword. d-i partman-auto-lvm/guided_size string max # If one of the disks that are going to be automatically partitioned # contains an old LVM configuration, the user will normally receive a # warning. This can be preseeded away... d-i partman-lvm/device_remove_lvm boolean true # The same applies to pre-existing software RAID array: d-i partman-md/device_remove_md boolean true # And the same goes for the confirmation to write the lvm partitions. d-i partman-lvm/confirm boolean true d-i partman-lvm/confirm_nooverwrite boolean true # You can choose one of the three predefined partitioning recipes: # - atomic: all files in one partition # - home: separate /home partition # - multi: separate /home, /var, and /tmp partitions d-i partman-auto/choose_recipe select atomic # Or provide a recipe of your own... # If you have a way to get a recipe file into the d-i environment, you can # just point at it. #d-i partman-auto/expert_recipe_file string /hd-media/recipe # If not, you can put an entire recipe into the preconfiguration file in one # (logical) line. This example creates a small /boot partition, suitable # swap, and uses the rest of the space for the root partition: #d-i partman-auto/expert_recipe string \ # boot-root :: \ # 40 50 100 ext3 \ # $primary{ } $bootable{ } \ # method{ format } format{ } \ # use_filesystem{ } filesystem{ ext3 } \ # mountpoint{ /boot } \ # . \ # 500 10000 1000000000 ext3 \ # method{ format } format{ } \ # use_filesystem{ } filesystem{ ext3 } \ # mountpoint{ / } \ # . \ # 64 512 300% linux-swap \ # method{ swap } format{ } \ # . # The full recipe format is documented in the file partman-auto-recipe.txt # included in the 'debian-installer' package or available from D-I source # repository. This also documents how to specify settings such as file # system labels, volume group names and which physical devices to include # in a volume group. ## Partitioning for EFI # If your system needs an EFI partition you could add something like # this to the recipe above, as the first element in the recipe: # 538 538 1075 free \ # $iflabel{ gpt } \ # $reusemethod{ } \ # method{ efi } \ # format{ } \ # . \ # # The fragment above is for the amd64 architecture; the details may be # different on other architectures. The 'partman-auto' package in the # D-I source repository may have an example you can follow. # This makes partman automatically partition without confirmation, provided # that you told it what to do using one of the methods above. d-i partman-partitioning/confirm_write_new_label boolean true d-i partman/choose_partition select finish d-i partman/confirm boolean true d-i partman/confirm_nooverwrite boolean true # Force UEFI booting ('BIOS compatibility' will be lost). Default: false. #d-i partman-efi/non_efi_system boolean true # Ensure the partition table is GPT - this is required for EFI #d-i partman-partitioning/choose_label select gpt #d-i partman-partitioning/default_label string gpt # When disk encryption is enabled, skip wiping the partitions beforehand. #d-i partman-auto-crypto/erase_disks boolean false
您可以使用预置来建立软 RAID 阵列。支持 RAID 等级 0、1、5、6 和 10,建立降级阵列(degraded arrays)和指定额外设备。
如果是使用 RAID 1,您可以预置 grub 安装所有的阵列中的设备; 参见 第 B.4.11 节 “安装 bootloader”。
警告 | |
---|---|
这种自动分区方式很容易出错。 |
# The method should be set to "raid". #d-i partman-auto/method string raid # Specify the disks to be partitioned. They will all get the same layout, # so this will only work if the disks are the same size. #d-i partman-auto/disk string /dev/sda /dev/sdb # Next you need to specify the physical partitions that will be used. #d-i partman-auto/expert_recipe string \ # multiraid :: \ # 1000 5000 4000 raid \ # $primary{ } method{ raid } \ # . \ # 64 512 300% raid \ # method{ raid } \ # . \ # 500 10000 1000000000 raid \ # method{ raid } \ # . # Last you need to specify how the previously defined partitions will be # used in the RAID setup. Remember to use the correct partition numbers # for logical partitions. RAID levels 0, 1, 5, 6 and 10 are supported; # devices are separated using "#". # Parameters are: # <raidtype> <devcount> <sparecount> <fstype> <mountpoint> \ # <devices> <sparedevices> #d-i partman-auto-raid/recipe string \ # 1 2 0 ext3 / \ # /dev/sda1#/dev/sdb1 \ # . \ # 1 2 0 swap - \ # /dev/sda5#/dev/sdb5 \ # . \ # 0 2 0 ext3 /home \ # /dev/sda6#/dev/sdb6 \ # . # For additional information see the file partman-auto-raid-recipe.txt # included in the 'debian-installer' package or available from D-I source # repository. # This makes partman automatically partition without confirmation. d-i partman-md/confirm boolean true d-i partman-partitioning/confirm_write_new_label boolean true d-i partman/choose_partition select finish d-i partman/confirm boolean true d-i partman/confirm_nooverwrite boolean true
文件系统一般使用 UUID 作为关键字挂载; 这使得在设备名变更的情况下仍然可以正常挂载。UUID 本身很长不容易阅读,因此,安装程序也可以依照您的意愿使用传统设备名或者指定标签(label)挂载文件系统。假如安装程序使用标签方式,那些没有标签的文件系统仍然使用 UUID 方式挂载。
具有固定名称的设备,比如 LVM 逻辑卷,将继续使用它们自己的名字而不是 UUID 方式挂载。
警告 | |
---|---|
传统设备名会根据内核在引导时发现的次序进行调整,这将导致挂载错误的文件系统。与此类似,假如您插入一个新磁盘或 USB 设备,标签也可能有冲突发生。这样系统启动后会出现一些随机的情况。 |
# The default is to mount by UUID, but you can also choose "traditional" to # use traditional device names, or "label" to try filesystem labels before # falling back to UUIDs. #d-i partman/mount_style select uuid
本阶段的安装并没有多少东西需要预置。仅有一个与内核安装相关的问题。
# Configure APT to not install recommended packages by default. Use of this # option can result in an incomplete system and should only be used by very # experienced users. #d-i base-installer/install-recommends boolean false # The kernel image (meta) package to be installed; "none" can be used if no # kernel is to be installed. #d-i base-installer/kernel/image string linux-image-686
设置 /etc/apt/sources.list
和其他的基本配置选项,将自动地基于您使用的安装方式以及前面问题的回答。您也可以选择性地安装其他(或本地)的仓库。
# Choose, if you want to scan additional installation media # (default: false). d-i apt-setup/cdrom/set-first boolean false # You can choose to install non-free firmware. #d-i apt-setup/non-free-firmware boolean true # You can choose to install non-free and contrib software. #d-i apt-setup/non-free boolean true #d-i apt-setup/contrib boolean true # Uncomment the following line, if you don't want to have the sources.list # entry for a DVD/BD installation image active in the installed system # (entries for netinst or CD images will be disabled anyway, regardless of # this setting). #d-i apt-setup/disable-cdrom-entries boolean true # Uncomment this if you don't want to use a network mirror. #d-i apt-setup/use_mirror boolean false # Select which update services to use; define the mirrors to be used. # Values shown below are the normal defaults. #d-i apt-setup/services-select multiselect security, updates #d-i apt-setup/security_host string security.debian.org # Additional repositories, local[0-9] available #d-i apt-setup/local0/repository string \ # http://local.server/debian stable main #d-i apt-setup/local0/comment string local server # Enable deb-src lines #d-i apt-setup/local0/source boolean true # URL to the public key of the local repository; you must provide a key or # apt will complain about the unauthenticated repository and so the # sources.list line will be left commented out. #d-i apt-setup/local0/key string http://local.server/key # or one can provide it in-line by base64 encoding the contents of the # key file (with `base64 -w0`) and specifying it thus: #d-i apt-setup/local0/key string base64://LS0tLS1CRUdJTiBQR1AgUFVCTElDIEtFWSBCTE9DSy0tLS0tCi4uLgo= # The content of the key file is checked to see if it appears to be ASCII-armoured. # If so it will be saved with an ".asc" extension, otherwise it gets a '.gpg' extension. # "keybox database" format is currently not supported. (see generators/60local in apt-setup's source) # By default the installer requires that repositories be authenticated # using a known gpg key. This setting can be used to disable that # authentication. Warning: Insecure, not recommended. #d-i debian-installer/allow_unauthenticated boolean true # Uncomment this to add multiarch configuration for i386 #d-i apt-setup/multiarch string i386
您可以选择安装存在的任务的组合。本文编撰时已有的任务包括:
standard
(标准工具)
desktop
(图形化桌面)
gnome-desktop
(Gnome 桌面)
xfce-desktop
(XFCE 桌面)
kde-desktop
(KDE Plasma 桌面)
cinnamon-desktop
(Cinnamon 桌面)
mate-desktop
(MATE 桌面)desktop)
lxde-desktop
(LXDE 桌面)
web-server
(web 服务器)
ssh-server
(SSH 服务器)
您可以不选任务,并用其他方法安装一系列软件包。我们推荐选上 standard
任务。
或者,如果您根本不希望 tasksel 对话框出现,请预置 pkgsel/run_tasksel
(这种情况将不会通过 tasksel 安装任何软件包)。
如果您打算安装一些安装任务之外的独立软件包,可以使用参数 pkgsel/include
。该参数的值可以是用逗号或空格分开的软件包列表,便于在内核命令行上使用。
#tasksel tasksel/first multiselect standard, web-server, kde-desktop # Or choose to not get the tasksel dialog displayed at all (and don't install # any packages): #d-i pkgsel/run_tasksel boolean false # Individual additional packages to install #d-i pkgsel/include string openssh-server build-essential # Whether to upgrade packages after debootstrap. # Allowed values: none, safe-upgrade, full-upgrade #d-i pkgsel/upgrade select none # You can choose, if your system will report back on what software you have # installed, and what software you use. The default is not to report back, # but sending reports helps the project determine what software is most # popular and should be included on the first CD/DVD. #popularity-contest popularity-contest/participate boolean false
# Grub is the boot loader (for x86).
# This is fairly safe to set, it makes grub install automatically to the UEFI
# partition/boot record if no other operating system is detected on the machine.
d-i grub-installer/only_debian boolean true
# This one makes grub-installer install to the UEFI partition/boot record, if
# it also finds some other OS, which is less safe as it might not be able to
# boot that other OS.
d-i grub-installer/with_other_os boolean true
# Due notably to potential USB sticks, the location of the primary drive can
# not be determined safely in general, so this needs to be specified:
#d-i grub-installer/bootdev string /dev/sda
# To install to the primary device (assuming it is not a USB stick):
#d-i grub-installer/bootdev string default
# Alternatively, if you want to install to a location other than the UEFI
# parition/boot record, uncomment and edit these lines:
#d-i grub-installer/only_debian boolean false
#d-i grub-installer/with_other_os boolean false
#d-i grub-installer/bootdev string (hd0,1)
# To install grub to multiple disks:
#d-i grub-installer/bootdev string (hd0,1) (hd1,1) (hd2,1)
# Optional password for grub, either in clear text
#d-i grub-installer/password password r00tme
#d-i grub-installer/password-again password r00tme
# or encrypted using an MD5 hash, see grub-md5-crypt(8).
#d-i grub-installer/password-crypted password [MD5 hash]
# Use the following option to add additional boot parameters for the
# installed system (if supported by the bootloader installer).
# Note: options passed to the installer will be added automatically.
#d-i debian-installer/add-kernel-opts string nousb
grub
使用的密码 MD5 值可以使用 grub-md5-crypt 生成,或者使用 第 B.4.5 节 “帐号设置” 例子中的命令。
# During installations from serial console, the regular virtual consoles # (VT1-VT6) are normally disabled in /etc/inittab. Uncomment the next # line to prevent this. #d-i finish-install/keep-consoles boolean true # Avoid that last message about the install being complete. d-i finish-install/reboot_in_progress note # This will prevent the installer from ejecting the CD during the reboot, # which is useful in some situations. #d-i cdrom-detect/eject boolean false # This is how to make the installer shutdown when finished, but not # reboot into the installed system. #d-i debian-installer/exit/halt boolean true # This will power off the machine instead of just halting it. #d-i debian-installer/exit/poweroff boolean true
# Depending on what software you choose to install, or if things go wrong # during the installation process, it's possible that other questions may # be asked. You can preseed those too, of course. To get a list of every # possible question that could be asked during an install, do an # installation, and then run these commands: # debconf-get-selections --installer > file # debconf-get-selections >> file