Debian installation images for this architecture are created using the isohybrid technology; that means they can be written directly to a USB stick, which is a very easy way to make an installation media. Simply choose an image (such as the netinst, CD or DVD-1) that will fit on your USB stick. See Раздел 4.1, «Official Debian GNU/Linux installation images» to get an installation image.

Также, для очень маленьких карт памяти USB, с размером в несколько мегабайт, вы можете скачать образ mini.iso из каталога netboot (по ссылке, упомянутой в Раздел 4.2.1, «Where to Find Installation Files»).

The installation image you choose should be written directly to the USB stick, overwriting its current contents. For example, when using an existing GNU/Linux system, the image file can be written to a USB stick as follows, after having made sure that the stick is unmounted:

# cp debian.iso /dev/sdX
# sync

Information about how to do this on other operating systems can be found in the Debian CD FAQ.

	Важно
	Образ должен быть записан на устройство, представляющее весь диск, а не отдельный раздел, например /dev/sdb, а не /dev/sdb1. Не используйте программы типа unetbootin, которые изменяют образ.

	Важно
	Simply writing the installation image to USB like this should work fine for most users. The other options below are more complex, mainly for people with specialised needs.

Гибридный образ занимает не всё место на карте, поэтому свободное пространство можно использовать для хранения файлов микропрограмм, пакетов или любых других ваших файлов. Это полезно, когда у вас есть только одна карта, или вы хотите сохранить всё необходимое на одном устройстве.

To do so, use cfdisk or any other partitioning tool to create an additional partition on the stick. Then create a (FAT) filesystem on the partition, mount it and copy or unpack the firmware onto it, for example with:

# mkdosfs -n FIRMWARE /dev/sdX3
# mount /dev/sdX3 /mnt
# cd /mnt
# tar zxvf /path/to/firmware.tar.gz
# cd /
# umount /mnt

Take care that you use the correct device name for your USB stick. The mkdosfs command is contained in the dosfstools Debian package.

	Примечание
	If you have chosen the mini.iso to be written to the USB stick, the second partition doesn't have to be created, as - very nicely - it will already be present. Unplugging and replugging the USB stick should make the two partitions visible.

Prior to isohybrid technology being used for Debian installation images, the methods documented in the chapters below were used to prepare media for booting from USB devices. These have been superseded by the technique in Раздел 4.3.1, «Preparing a USB stick using a hybrid CD/DVD image», but have been left here for educational and historical purposes and in case they are useful to some user.

An alternative to the method described in Раздел 4.3.1, «Preparing a USB stick using a hybrid CD/DVD image» is to manually copy the installer files, and also an installation image to the stick. Note that the USB stick should be at least 1 GB in size (smaller setups are possible using the files from netboot, following Раздел 4.3.3, «Копирование файлов на карту памяти USB вручную — гибкий путь»).

There is an all-in-one file hd-media/boot.img.gz which contains all the installer files (including the kernel) as well as syslinux and its configuration file.

	Примечание
	Заметим, что хотя этот метод удобен, он имеет большой недостаток: логический размер устройства ограничен 1 ГБ, даже если ёмкость карты памяти USB гораздо больше. Вам нужно переразметить карту USB и создать новые файловые системы, чтобы снова получить всё пространство, если вы хотите использовать его для другой цели.

Simply extract this image directly to your USB stick:

# zcat boot.img.gz > /dev/sdX

After that, mount the USB memory stick (mount /dev/sdX /mnt), which will now have a FAT filesystem on it, and copy a Debian ISO image (netinst or full CD; see Раздел 4.1, «Official Debian GNU/Linux installation images») to it. Unmount the stick (umount /mnt) and you are done.

Если вам хочется большей гибкости или вы просто хотите знать, что на самом деле происходит, то можете воспользоваться следующим методом записи файлов на карту памяти. Преимущество использования этого метода в том, что если ёмкость карты USB достаточно велика, то вы можете скопировать любой образ ISO, даже DVD.

4.3.3.1. Partitioning and adding a boot loader

Мы покажем как использовать на карте памяти только первый раздел, а не всё устройство.

In order to start the kernel after booting from the USB stick, we will put a boot loader on the stick. Although any boot loader should work, it's convenient to use syslinux, since it uses a FAT16 partition and can be reconfigured by just editing a text file. Any operating system which supports the FAT file system can be used to make changes to the configuration of the boot loader.

First, you need to install the syslinux and mtools packages on your system.

Примечание

Since most USB sticks come pre-configured with a single FAT16 partition, you probably won't have to repartition or reformat the stick. If you have to do that anyway, use cfdisk or any other partitioning tool to create a FAT16 partition now[3], and then install an MBR using: # cat /usr/lib/syslinux/mbr/mbr.bin >/dev/sdX Now create the filesystem using: # mkdosfs /dev/sdX1 Take care that you use the correct device name for your USB stick. The mkdosfs command is contained in the dosfstools Debian package.

Having a correctly partitioned USB stick (now), you need to put syslinux on the FAT16 partition with:

# syslinux /dev/sdX1

Again, take care that you use the correct device name. The partition must not be mounted when starting syslinux. This procedure writes a boot sector to the partition and creates the file ldlinux.sys which contains the boot loader code.

default vmlinuz initrd=initrd.gz